Vapor-Deposited Perovskites: The Route to High-Performance Solar Cell Production?

Ávila, Jorge; Momblona, Cristina; Boix, Pablo P.; Sessolo, Michele; Bolink, Henk J.

doi:10.1016/j.joule.2017.07.014

Cited by 310 publications

(330 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Although the current generation of this OLED technology (focusing on smaller-area displays used in smartphones) utilizes evaporation to deposit the organic materials, there is significant interest in this branch to utilize coating and printing technologies in future generations of optoelectronic products in order to reduce material wastage and enable the production of largerarea true multi color pixel devices. [24] The commercial relevance of this process for large-area PV is founded in the homogeneity, high yield and ability to deposit perovskite layers on textured substrates. [21] A great deal of expertise has been generated using inkjet printing in this field, with industrial players, including Kateeva, Inc., actively contributing to its rapid further development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coated and Printed Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications

et al. 2019

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optoelectronic devices, a novel lowcost and highly efficient photovoltaic (PV) material emerged. Only 10 years after the first reported perovskite solar cells (PSCs), power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) above 23% were certified, exceeding those of much longer established thin-film PV technologies, including organic photovoltaics (OPV) and inorganic thin-film PV based on copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) or cadmium telluride (CdTe). [1] The material class of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites combines excellent optoelectronic properties, such as long diffusion lengths [2] and short absorption lengths, [3] with the ease of solution processing, low energy payback times, and low-cost precursor materials. [4] Moreover, the optoelectronic properties and the material stability can be engineered by varying the constituents in the perovskite crystal structure ABX 3 . For example, the bandgap (E G ) can be tuned by changing the stoichiometric ratio of Br and I at the halogen anion site X. [5][6][7] In order to improve the stability of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites, compositional engineering of the cation site A was demonstrated to be successful via combining methylammonium (CH 3 NH 3 + or MA + ), formamidinium (CH 5 N 2 + or FA + ), Cs + , and Rb + ions in the so-called multi-cation perovskites. [8][9][10][11] Three key challenges hinder today the economical breakthrough of PSCs:Stability: First, the instability of PSCs against moisture, oxygen, light, and temperature limits the lifetime of PSCs to a fraction of the warranty lifetime (often >25 years) of the market dominating crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV. [12] Very respectable progress has been made over recent years to enhance the stability of PSCs by demonstrating stability over 1000 h, but significant further advances in terms of stability are needed to lift the technology to a level where it is ready to compete with, or be a bolt-on tandem companion to the current PV heavyweight of c-Si. A number of reviews cover recent developments on the topic of stability. [13][14][15][16][17] Toxicity: Second, highly efficient PSCs still contain lead, the toxicity of which hampers the acceptance of the technology and could conflict with legislative barriers. [18] Other recent reviews present progress with respect to this challenge. [19,20] Upscaling: Third, the upscaling of perovskite PV devices to commercial PV module sizes (>1 m 2 ) must be achieved. To date, the vast majority of research and development of PSCs is still Hybrid organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite semiconductors provide opportunities and challenges for the fabrication of low-cost thin-film photovoltaic devices. The opportunities are clear: the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of small-area perovskite photovoltaics has surpassed many established thin-film technologies. However, the large-scale solution-based deposition of perovskite layers introduces challenges. To form perovskite layers, precursor solutions are coated or printed and these must then be crystallized into the perovskite structur...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coated and Printed Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications

et al. 2019

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“…A wide range of thin film deposition techniques are available to make methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ) hybrid perovskite films, including spin coating, dip coating, blade coating, and vacuum deposition, and different protocols have been developed for many of these techniques. To date, the one‐step spin coating process incorporating an antisolvent drip remains the most popular and facile implementation for fabricating high‐quality MAPbI 3 hybrid perovskite thin films on the laboratory scale and has been used for a wide range of other lead‐based perovskite formulations .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bismuth‐Based Perovskite‐Inspired Solar Cells: In Situ Diagnostics Reveal Similarities and Differences in the Film Formation of Bismuth‐ and Lead‐Based Films

et al. 2019

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Organic–inorganic lead‐based halide perovskite compounds currently yield thin film solar cells with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of >23%. However, replacing the lead with less‐toxic elements while maintaining a high PCE remains a challenge. For this reason, there has been significant effort to develop Pb‐free compounds, including methylammonium bismuth iodide (MA3Bi2I9), but such systems severely underperform when compared with the prototypical Pb‐based methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3). For the latter, it is known that lead complexes with polar solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylformamide (DMF), to form iodoplumbates which can co‐crystallize into solvated phases. Herein, the solidification and growth behaviors of Bi‐ and Pb‐based films is investigated using multi‐probe in situ characterization methods. It is shown that the Bi‐based compound crystallizes directly and rapidly into a textured polycrystalline microstructure from a precursor solution without evolving through intermediate crystalline solvated phases, in contrast to MAPbI3. This solidification process produces isolated crystals and challenges the growth of continuous and crystalline films required for solar cells. It is revealed that solvent engineering with antisolvent dripping is crucial to enable the formation of continuous polycrystalline films of MA3Bi2I9 and functional solar cells thereof.

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“…We trust that our results will increase the potential of the development of full vacuum-deposited perovskite solar cells, [46] with acknowledging advantages such as environmental friendly deposition (low processing temperatures and solventless processes), fabrication of perovskite solar cells in large areas with improved reproducibility and stability, and straightforward compatibility with industrially scalable processes. We trust that our results will increase the potential of the development of full vacuum-deposited perovskite solar cells, [46] with acknowledging advantages such as environmental friendly deposition (low processing temperatures and solventless processes), fabrication of perovskite solar cells in large areas with improved reproducibility and stability, and straightforward compatibility with industrially scalable processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Enhanced Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells Incorporating Dopant‐Free Crystalline Spiro‐OMeTAD Layers by Vacuum Sublimation

Barranco

López‐Santos

Idígoras

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

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The main handicap still hindering the eventual exploitation of organometal halide perovskite‐based solar cells is their poor stability under prolonged illumination, ambient conditions, and increased temperatures. This article shows for the first time the vacuum processing of the most widely used solid‐state hole conductor (SSHC), i.e., the Spiro‐OMeTAD [2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis (N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenyl‐amine) 9,9′‐spirobifluorene], and how its dopant‐free crystalline formation unprecedently improves perovskite solar cell (PSC) stability under continuous illumination by about two orders of magnitude with respect to the solution‐processed reference and after annealing in air up to 200 °C. It is demonstrated that the control over the temperature of the samples during the vacuum deposition enhances the crystallinity of the SSHC, obtaining a preferential orientation along the π–π stacking direction. These results may represent a milestone toward the full vacuum processing of hybrid organic halide PSCs as well as light‐emitting diodes, with promising impacts on the development of durable devices. The microstructure, purity, and crystallinity of the vacuum sublimated Spiro‐OMeTAD layers are fully elucidated by applying an unparalleled set of complementary characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, grazing‐incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering and grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy.

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Vapor-Deposited Perovskites: The Route to High-Performance Solar Cell Production?

Cited by 310 publications

References 88 publications

Coated and Printed Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications

Coated and Printed Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications

Bismuth‐Based Perovskite‐Inspired Solar Cells: In Situ Diagnostics Reveal Similarities and Differences in the Film Formation of Bismuth‐ and Lead‐Based Films

Enhanced Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells Incorporating Dopant‐Free Crystalline Spiro‐OMeTAD Layers by Vacuum Sublimation

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