Vapor pressure of three brominated flame retardants determined by using the Knudsen effusion method

Fu, Jinxia; Suuberg, Eric M.

doi:10.1002/etc.1736

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…TBX had the highest vapor pressure, and the vapor pressure decreased by about 1 order of magnitude if OH or CH 3 was replaced with a Br atom. This is similar to what has been observed for other BFRs. ,,,, …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Subcooled liquid vapor pressures can also be calculated from vapor pressure data and melting properties. So far, the GC-RT method has been used to determine subcooled liquid vapor pressures for PBDEs 16−18 and hexabromobenzene (HBB), 18 whereas the vapor pressures of PBDEs, 19−21 HBCDs, 20 HBB, 21 tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 20,22 and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) 22 have been measured using either the Knudsen effusion 19,20,22 or the gas saturation method. 21 As for other brominated aromatic compounds, the vapor pressures of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), 23 derivatives of BFRs, 24 and brominated aromatic compounds with fewer Br substituents 25−32 have also been measured using the Knudsen effusion method, 23,[26][27][28][29][30]32 gas saturation method, 24,31 or other static methods using a manometer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subcooled liquid vapor pressures can also be calculated from vapor pressure data and melting properties. So far, the GC-RT method has been used to determine subcooled liquid vapor pressures for PBDEs − and hexabromobenzene (HBB), whereas the vapor pressures of PBDEs, − HBCDs, HBB, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), , and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) have been measured using either the Knudsen effusion ,, or the gas saturation method . As for other brominated aromatic compounds, the vapor pressures of polybrominated dibenzo- p -dioxins (PBDDs), derivatives of BFRs, and brominated aromatic compounds with fewer Br substituents − have also been measured using the Knudsen effusion method, ,− , gas saturation method, , or other static methods using a manometer. , Besides vapor pressures, water solubilities, 1-octanol/water partition coefficients, and Henry’s law constants of BFRs have also been measured or estimated, and we have previously reported experimentally determined properties other than vapor pressure for TBBPA, brominated phenols, brominated benzenes, and PBDEs …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of Vapor Pressures and Melting Properties of Five Polybrominated Aromatic Flame Retardants

et al. 2018

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While vapor pressure is among the most important properties used in the environmental fate assessment of organic contaminants, measured vapor pressures exist only for a few representatives of the group of novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs). To expand on this limited set of data, the vapor pressures of five BFRs1,2,4,5,-tetrabromo-dimethylbenzene (TBX), 1,2,3,4,5-pentabromo-6-methyl-benzene (PBT), 1,2,3,4,5-pentabromo-6-ethyl-benzene (PBEB), 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromo-phenol (PBP), and 1,3,5-tribromo-2(2,3-dibromopropoxy)-benzene (TBP-DBPE)were measured in the temperature range 322.7–367.7 K with the gas saturation method. Enthalpies of sublimation or vaporization were determined from the slopes of semilogarithmic plots of measured vapor pressure against reciprocal temperature. The melting temperature and enthalpy of fusion were measured using differential scanning calorimetry. From these experimental data, the vapor pressures and subcooled liquid vapor pressures at 298.2 K, p i ° and p i °,sl, respectively, were derived and compared with values estimated using group contribution methods, polyparameter linear free energy relationships, as well as EPISuite, SPARC, and COSMOtherm. Depending on the method and compound, deviations between measured and estimated log(p i °) or log(p i °,sl) values ranged from 8 to 77% of the measured values. The gas/particle partitioning behavior of the five BFRs was estimated using the measured p i °,sl values and the Junge–Pankow model. This estimation could account for the observed partitioning behavior of PBT and TBP-DBPE.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subcooled liquid vapor pressures can also be calculated from vapor pressure data and melting properties. So far, the GC-RT method has been used to determine subcooled liquid vapor pressures for PBDEs − and hexabromobenzene (HBB), whereas the vapor pressures of PBDEs, − HBCDs, HBB, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), , and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) have been measured using either the Knudsen effusion ,, or the gas saturation method . As for other brominated aromatic compounds, the vapor pressures of polybrominated dibenzo- p -dioxins (PBDDs), derivatives of BFRs, and brominated aromatic compounds with fewer Br substituents − have also been measured using the Knudsen effusion method, ,− , gas saturation method, , or other static methods using a manometer. , Besides vapor pressures, water solubilities, 1-octanol/water partition coefficients, and Henry’s law constants of BFRs have also been measured or estimated, and we have previously reported experimentally determined properties other than vapor pressure for TBBPA, brominated phenols, brominated benzenes, and PBDEs …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of Vapor Pressures and Melting Properties of Five Polybrominated Aromatic Flame Retardants

et al. 2018

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“…To verify the reliability of the experimental technique, the reference compound anthracene was periodically employed to test the performance of the Knudsen effusion apparatus and the results were in good agreement with literature values [3, 35–37]. More details of this technique can be found in [26–28, 38, 39]. …”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 61%

Thermochemical and vapor pressure behavior of anthracene and brominated anthracene mixtures

Suuberg

2013

Fluid Phase Equilibria

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The present work concerns the thermochemical and vapor pressure behavior of the anthracene (1) + 2-bromoanthracene (2) and anthracene (1) + 9-bromoanthracene (3) systems. Solid-liquid equilibrium temperature and differential scanning calorimetry studies indicate the existence of a minimum melting solid state near an equilibrium temperature of 477.65 K at x1 = 0.74 for the (1) + (2) system. Additionally, solid-vapor equilibrium studies for the (1) + (2) system show that the vapor pressure of the mixtures depends on composition, but does not follow ideal Raoult’s law behaviour. The (1) + (3) system behaves differently from the (1) + (2) system. The (1) + (3) system has a solid solution like phase diagram. The system consists of two phases, an anthracene like phase and a 9-bromoanthracene like phase, while (1) + (2) mixtures only form a single phase. Moreover, experimental studies of the two systems suggest that the (1) + (2) system is in a thermodynamically lower energy state than the (1) + (3) system.

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“…The reported vapor pressures of HBCD diastereomers range from 10 À4 to 10 À6 Pa at 70-90 C and decrease in the order a > b > g; these vapor pressures are one order of magnitude lower than those of BDE 47 and 99. 23 The fact that the vapor pressure of BDE 209 is one to two orders of magnitude lower than that of HBCD 25,26 suggests that the emission rates of PBDEs observed in this study were lower than the emission rates of HBCDs. However, the partitioning potential of BDE 209 to the atmosphere from polystyrene has been shown to be higher than that of HBCD, owing to the weaker molecular interaction between technical DecaBDE and the polymer resin.…”

Section: Differences Between the Hbcd And Pbde Emission Trendsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Emission behavior of hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers from flame-retardant-treated textiles

Kajiwara

Takigami

2013

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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To evaluate the emission behavior of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) added to textile products as flame retardants, we used a small stainless steel container (7 cm i.d. × 5.5 cm height, ca. 210 cm(3)) to conduct emission tests on three upholstery textile samples at temperatures of 20, 40, 60, and 80 °C. The textile samples, which were intended for use in curtain manufacture and had been treated with either technical HBCD or technical DecaBDE, emitted HBCDs and PBDEs, including BDE 209, even at room temperature (20 °C), and the emission rates increased with increasing test temperature. These results indicate that flame-retardant-treated upholstery textiles have the potential to be major sources of brominated flame retardant contamination in indoor air and dust. The HBCD diastereomer emission profiles at the test temperatures of 20 and 40 °C were similar to the profiles of the original textile samples; in contrast, at the higher test temperatures, the proportion of α-HBCD was larger (up to 70% of the total HBCD emission) than in the original samples. At the higher test temperatures, the proportions of di- to hexa-BDEs in the emissions were clearly larger than in the original sample, suggesting that the textile products treated with technical DecaBDE could be a source of environmentally relevant PBDE congeners such as BDE 47, 99, and 100. The emission rates of HBCDs from the textiles were two orders of magnitude higher than those of PBDEs, suggesting that HBCDs volatilize more easily from textile products to the indoor environment than PBDEs.

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Vapor pressure of three brominated flame retardants determined by using the Knudsen effusion method

Cited by 10 publications

References 26 publications

Measurement of Vapor Pressures and Melting Properties of Five Polybrominated Aromatic Flame Retardants

Measurement of Vapor Pressures and Melting Properties of Five Polybrominated Aromatic Flame Retardants

Thermochemical and vapor pressure behavior of anthracene and brominated anthracene mixtures

Emission behavior of hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers from flame-retardant-treated textiles

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