Vapour cloud explosions in a long congested region involving methane/hydrogen mixtures

Lowesmith, Barbara J.; Hankinson, G.; Johnson, M. M.

doi:10.1016/j.psep.2011.04.002

Cited by 69 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The flame speed is assumed to increase linearly with distance from the ignition center to a value of 800 m/s. After this value, the explosion is assumed to transit to detonation immediately, which correlates well with the experimental data by Zipf Jr et al [17] and Lowesmith et al [47]. After detonation occurs, the C-J velocity is applied.…”

Section: 5supporting

confidence: 80%

“…Hydrogen is well known for its susceptibility to detonate [47]. Test data for hydrogen or hydrogen/methane mixture are plotted in Figure 9, including the data reported by Lowesmith et al [47], Ginsburgh and Bulkley [53] and Bollinger [54]. A data point estimated from the hydrogen tunnel tests by Groethea et al [18] is also given.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Lowesmith et al's tests [47], the test rig comprised of a long congested region measuring 3m × 3m × 18m following an chamber measuring 3m × 3m × 8.25m. The enclosure had a closed end [55] and another end connected to the congested region.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The interaction between the fuels needs to be considered. Lowesmith et al [47] investigated the effect of combined combustibles in explosion in a long congested region. The hydrogen content in the methane/hydrogen mixture was varied from 0 to 50 % by volume in the combined combustible mixture.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Study of fire and explosion hazards of alternative fuel vehicles in tunnels

2019

Fire Safety Journal

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An investigation of fire and explosion hazards of different types of alternative fuel vehicles in tunnels is presented. The different fuels are divided into four types: liquid fuels, liquefied fuels, compressed gases, and electricity, and detailed parameters are obtained. Three types of fire hazards for the alternative fuel vehicles: pool fires, jet fires and fireballs are identified and investigated in detail. From the perspective of pool fire size, the liquid fuels pose equivalent or even much lower fire hazards compared to the traditionally used fuels, but the liquefied fuels may pose higher hazards. For pressurized tanks, the fires are generally much larger in size but shorter in duration. The gas releases from pressure relief devices and the resulting jet fires are highly transient. For hydrogen vehicles, the fire sizes are significantly higher compared to CNG tanks, while flame lengths only slighter longer. Investigation of the peak overpressure in case of an explosion in a tunnel was also carried out. The results showed that, for the vehicles investigated, the peak overpressure of tank rupture and BLEVE are mostly in a range of 0.1 to 0.36 bar at 50 m away. The situations in case of cloud explosion are mostly much more severe and intolerable. These hazards need to be carefully considered in both vehicle safety design and tunnel fire safety design. Further researches on these hazards are in urgent need.

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Section: 5supporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Study of fire and explosion hazards of alternative fuel vehicles in tunnels

2019

Fire Safety Journal

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“…Similar results were observed by Ma et al (2014) using a 20 litre spherical vessel with the hydrogen content varying from 0 to 100%. Lowesmith et al (2011a) carried out a series of large scale explosion experiments in a 69,300 litre enclosure with various hydrogen concentrations to assess the potential of using existing gas infrastructures to convey methane/hydrogen mixtures. A small increase in flame speed and overpressure was observed when replacing CH 4 with H 2 up to 20% and a significant increase with a 50% substitution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%