Variability in bat morphology is influenced by temperature and forest cover and their interactions

Abstract

Multiple climatic and landscape drivers have been linked to variations in bat body size and wing functional traits. Most previous studies used proxies rather than actual climate and land‐use data, and their interactions are rarely explored. We investigate whether higher summer average temperatures are driving decreasing bat body size as predicted by Bergmann's rule or increasing appendage size as per Allen's rule. We also explore whether temperature or resource availability (namely forest cover) is responsible for changes in wing functional traits. Using land‐use data from historical maps and national statistics combined with climatic data, we assessed the effect of temperature and resource availability on bat morphology. We used 464 museum specimens of three bat species ( Eptesicus nilssonii , Pipistrellus pygmaeus , and Plecotus auritus ), spanning 180 years, across a 1200 km latitudinal gradient. We found no evidence of higher summer average temperatures driving decreases in body size in bats. Jaw sizes of P. auritus and P. pygmaeus changed over time but in different directions. The geographical variation of forest cover was also related to differences in wing functional traits in two species. Crucially, there was a significant antagonistic interactive effect of forest and temperature on tip index in P. pygmaeus whereby above 14.5°C the relationship between forest and tip index actually reversed. This could indicate that higher temperatures promote more pointed wings, which may provide energetic benefits. Our results show the importance of including both climatic and land‐use variables when assessing trends in bat morphology and exploring interactions. Encouragingly, all three species have shown an ability to adapt their body size and functional traits to different conditions, and it could demonstrate their potential to overcome future negative impacts of climate and land‐use change.

Spotted Hyena skull size variation across geography favors the energetic equivalence rule over Bergmann’s Rule

“…Body size is under multiple selection pressures simultaneously and the relative strength of those pressures may change multiple times throughout the evolutionary history of a species. Depending on which selection pressure has the strongest influence, a species may exhibit the exact opposite geographic size pattern predicted by Bergmann’s Rule or a heterogeneous geographic size pattern ( Mori et al 2019 ; Juman et al 2022 ; Wood and Cousins 2023 ).…”