Variability in photos of the same face

Jenkins, Rob; White, David; Montfort, Xandra van; Burton, A. Mike

doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.08.001

Cited by 546 publications

(820 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Typically, analyses of card sorting data focus on the number of piles created by participants (Jenkins et al, 2011;. However, more fine-grained analyses are …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For two sets comprising two identities, with twenty photos each, unfamiliar participants typically produce around seven to nine separate piles. However, when familiar with the identities, cards are correctly sorted into two piles (Jenkins et al, 2011). Importantly, all the necessary pictorial information is present in the cards, with unfamiliar participants often performing perfectly when informed that there are only two identities to sort (Andrews, Jenkins, Cursiter, & Burton, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All participants in the three experiments presented in this article provided either written or verbal informed consent, and were given either a written or verbal debriefing (or both) at the end of the experiment. Regarding our sample size, we continued to collect data until we had 20 usable participants (based on Jenkins et al, 2011) for each of the three card types. Data from an additional 22 participants were discarded because they reported being unfamiliar with either one or both of the identities.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the gradual change in face processing that comes with increased familiarity is still not well understood, evidence suggests a shift in the importance we place on the internal and external facial features. Here, we investigate this component of familiarity using a card sorting task (Jenkins, White, Van Montfort, & Burton, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Familiarity and Within-Person Facial Variability: The Importance of the Internal and External Features

et al. 2017

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As faces become familiar, we come to rely more on their internal features for recognition and matching tasks. Here, we assess whether this same pattern is also observed for a card sorting task. Participants sorted photos showing either the full face, only the internal features, or only the external features into multiple piles, one pile per identity. In Experiments 1 and 2, we showed the standard advantage for familiar faces -sorting was more accurate and showed very few errors in comparison with unfamiliar faces. However, for both familiar and unfamiliar faces, sorting was less accurate for external features, and equivalent for internal and full faces. In Experiment 3, we asked whether external features can ever be used to make an accurate sort. Using familiar faces and instructions on the number of identities present, we nevertheless found worse performance for the external in comparison with the internal features, suggesting that less identity information was available in the former. Taken together, we show that full faces and internal features are similarly informative with regard to identity. In comparison, external features contain less identity information and produce worse card sorting performance. This research extends current thinking on the shift in focus, both in attention and importance, towards the internal features and away from the external features as familiarity with a face increases. 4Keywords unfamiliar faces, card sorting, within-person variability, internal features, external features, familiarity 5

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“…Typically, analyses of card sorting data focus on the number of piles created by participants (Jenkins et al, 2011;. However, more fine-grained analyses are …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Familiarity and Within-Person Facial Variability: The Importance of the Internal and External Features

et al. 2017

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“…To understand this within the context of passport control, the stimuli that were employed in this study portrayed considerable within‐person variability (see Jenkins, White, Van Montfort, & Burton, 2011; Megreya, Sandford, & Burton, 2013), and mismatches occurred infrequently (Bindemann, Avetisyan, & Blackwell, 2010; Papesh & Goldinger, 2014). Furthermore, the proportion of inconsistently labeled and unresolved trials was lower than the proportion of trials with consistent labels, given that the algorithms employed at passport control are projected to be highly accurate, and thus incorrect identifications should occur only rarely (FRONTEX, 2015b).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human–Computer Interaction in Face Matching

Fysh

Bindemann

2018

Cognitive Science

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Automatic facial recognition is becoming increasingly ubiquitous in security contexts such as passport control. Currently, Automated Border Crossing (ABC) systems in the United Kingdom (UK) and the European Union (EU) require supervision from a human operator who validates correct identity judgments and overrules incorrect decisions. As the accuracy of this human–computer interaction remains unknown, this research investigated how human validation is impacted by a priori face‐matching decisions such as those made by automated face recognition software. Observers matched pairs of faces that were already labeled onscreen as depicting the same identity or two different identities. The majority of these labels provided information that was consistent with the stimuli presented, but some were also inconsistent or provided “unresolved” information. Across three experiments, accuracy consistently deteriorated on trials that were inconsistently labeled, indicating that observers’ face‐matching decisions are biased by external information such as that provided by ABCs.

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Human Verification of Identity from Photographic Images

Davis¹,

Valentine²

2015

Forensic Facial Identification

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Eyewitness testimony is older than the law. Even today, with sophisticated forensic science, eyewitness testimony forms the bedrock of many criminal cases. Whenever a witness gives testimony in court, jurors, judge(s) or magistrate(s) are faced with two basic questions: Is this witness giving an honest account? If so, can their account be relied upon as accurate? There are many reasons why a witness may deliberately give false testimony or identify a defendant they know to be innocent. The witness may be seeking revenge, have been intimidated into giving a false account, or be motivated to deflect blame away from the true culprit. Legal procedure is designed to expose a dishonest witness. In an adversarial system, for example in the UK, US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, the defence have the right to test the testimony of prosecution witnesses through cross-examination. Equally the prosecution cross-examines witnesses for the defence. Cross-examination has been described as "the greatest legal engine ever invented for the

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Variability in photos of the same face

Cited by 546 publications

References 49 publications

Familiarity and Within-Person Facial Variability: The Importance of the Internal and External Features

Familiarity and Within-Person Facial Variability: The Importance of the Internal and External Features

Human–Computer Interaction in Face Matching

Human Verification of Identity from Photographic Images

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