“…After the death of the phytoplankton, the organic matter with a high d 15 N signal via sinking particles is preserved in the marine sediment (Rayner et al, 2003;Wang et al, 2019). Under the circumstance of complete nitrate utilization (biological fractionation effects are negligible) and the absence of sedimentary diagenesis, such changes can be recorded in marine sedimentary d 15 N (d 15 N sed ) (Altabet et al, 1999;Emmer and Thunell, 2000;Thunell and Kepple, 2004;Ward, 2011;Horak et al, 2016;Davis et al, 2019;Margolskee et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2019;Sańchez et al, 2022). Hence, in regions where these conditions are met, d 15 N sed is accepted as a proxy for the integrated rates of denitrification and the volume of the ODZ: when the ODZ is expanded and the water column denitrification is intensified, the d 15 N sed increases (Emmer and Thunell, 2000;Tems et al, 2015;Horak et al, 2016;Davis et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2019;Sańchez et al, 2022).…”