Variable Valence State of Trace Elements Regulating Toxic Potencies of Inorganic Particulate Matter

Abstract

Trace element is known to be one major component in determining particulate matter (PM) toxicities. However, there is still no accurate assessment of the toxic potency of the mixed valences. Here, we reported the oxidative stress and cytotoxicity potencies of 14 trace elements in their various valence states and estimated the toxic gaps of inorganic PM resulting from variations in element valences. Substantial discrepancies of up to 3 orders of magnitude in toxic potencies were observed among their different valences. When considering their abundance in PM, the toxicity gaps are estimated to range from 5 to 6 times between the greatest and weakest toxic valence states in the inorganic PM emitted from industrial sources, with iron contributing to 65.5%–91.0% of the overall gaps. Furthermore, the relative toxic variation of inorganic PM shows a significant correlation with the additive toxicities of Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions during aging process. The finding highlights that the multiple coexisting valence states of trace elements in PM need to be taken into account when estimating their toxic potencies.

Toxic Potencies of Particulate Matter from Typical Industrial Plants Mediated with Acidity via Metal Dissolution

“…Intracellular Fe overload may promote lipid peroxidation, further triggering ferroptosis . The iron and steel industry is the dominant source of atmospheric Fe in China. ,, Additionally, coal combustion and nonexhaust emissions also need control to reduce Fe emissions.…”

High Magnetic Property and Toxicity of Particulate Matter Generated during Welding and Cutting Processes

“…The toxic potencies of PM are not entirely controlled by magnetic particles since other toxic metals may also play an important role for ROS generation and cell viability, such as Mn, Cu, and Zn. The toxic mechanism induced by magnetic PMs is difficult to fully explain due to the complexity of their chemical composition and solubility . Further investigation should be conducted to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the induction mechanism of toxic potencies.…”