Variant of Rare Hermansky — Pudlak Syndrome Associated With Granulomatous Colitis: Diagnostics, Clinical Course and Treatment

Abstract

Aim: To study the relationship between the genotype and the phenotype in the patients with Hermansky — Pudlak syndrome (HPS) associated with granulomatous colitis; to monitor clinical course of the disease for adequate treatment, cancer surveillance and genetic counseling. Materials and Methods: The diagnosis of HPS is established by physical examination, chest X-ray, computed tomography, endoscopic examination with biopsy, and laboratory tests, including histology, baseline laboratory blood, urine and feces tests, determination of ASCA-C and ANCA antibodies using an ELISA. Molecular genetic testing for HPS gene mutations, R702W, G908R, L1007fs and P268S mutations in NOD2 gene, and TaqI variant of the VDR gene were carried out. Results: We report 2 cases of HPS from unrelated families. Both were complicated by inflammatory bowel disease with pathologic features of Crohn’s disease refractory to antibiotics and corticosteroids. One patient (family 1) with Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry had pathogenic variant of the HPS-4 gene in exon 8, mutation P268S of NOD2 genes and “Tt” genotype of TaqI variant of the VDR gene. Another patient (family 2) carried two mutations P268S and G908R of NOD2 gene, and had a large paraovarian cyst diagnosed. No consistent success with the standard medical therapy, used for treating granulomatous colitis, associated with HPS, in presented cases was achieved. Patients needed surgical interventions at a young age and a long-term surveillance of the probable development of tumors and other complications. Azathioprine at 2 mg/kg/day and mesalazine 3 g/day were used with some positive effect for prevention of Crohn’s disease postoperative recurrence. Conclusion: The occurrence of perianal lesions, the histopathological findings and the results of the molecular genetic analysis confirmed the mutations P268S and G908R of NOD2 gene in these cases suggest that HPS was truly associated with Crohn’s disease variant with early onset and severe course. The search for the molecular causes of the disease in some individuals may help in the development of new therapeutic and surgical approaches, as well in the improvement of understanding of premalignant inflammatory conditions in a large bowel.

Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome: Mutation update

“…Low vitamin D levels, which may be a factor in HPS subjects avoiding sun exposure, could also contribute to developing colitis (Lozynska et al, 2018).…”

“…Abnormal endosomal membrane formation was suggested as an underlying cause for HPS colitis leading to ceroid lipofuscin formation, abnormal autophagy and phagocytosis, and inflammation (Felipez et al, 2010; Sofia et al, 2017). It was suggested that the presence of risk alleles in Crohn's disease‐associated genes, like NOD2 or ATG16L1 , in HPS subjects may contribute to developing colitis (Lozynska et al, 2018). Low vitamin D levels, which may be a factor in HPS subjects avoiding sun exposure, could also contribute to developing colitis (Lozynska et al, 2018).…”

“…It was suggested that the presence of risk alleles in Crohn's disease‐associated genes, like NOD2 or ATG16L1 , in HPS subjects may contribute to developing colitis (Lozynska et al, 2018). Low vitamin D levels, which may be a factor in HPS subjects avoiding sun exposure, could also contribute to developing colitis (Lozynska et al, 2018).…”

Oculocutaneous albinism and bleeding diathesis due to a novel deletion in the HPS3 gene

“…Overall, the estimated prevalence of OCA in the Israeli population is approximately 1 in 10,000 and is caused by several genes including mainly TYR , P , HPS1 , and HPS3 , and even some mutations in HPS4 were described in a patient of Ashkenazi Jewish origin ( Rosenmann et al, 2009 ; Lozynska et al, 2018 ). Founder mutations and additional variants in HPS genes including the newly identified large deletion reported herein in the Ashkenazi Jewish descent underscore the diagnostic possibility of HPS among individuals affected with albinism in Israel.…”

Pulmonary and Intestinal Involvement in a Patient with Myeloperoxidase-specific Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-positive Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome

“…Immunosuppressants and steroids have no therapeutic effect, and antifibrotic drugs, such as pirfenidone, have shown little efficacy ( 5 ). In contrast, immunosuppressants, such as rituximab, are effective against granulomatous colitis, which is one of its complications ( 6 , 7 ).…”