Peptides fused to the coat proteins of filamentous phages have found widespread applications in antigen display, the construction of antibody libraries, and biopanning. However, such systems are limited in terms of the size and number of the peptides that may be incorporated without compromising the fusion proteins' capacity to self-assemble. We describe here a system in which the molecules to be displayed are bound to pre-assembled polymers. The polymers are T4 capsids and polyheads (tubular capsid variants) and the display molecules are derivatives of the dispensable capsid protein SOC. In one implementation, SOC and its fusion derivatives are expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli, purified in high yield, and then bound in vitro to separately isolated polyheads. In the other, a positive selection vector forces integration of the modified soc gene into a soc-deleted T4 genome, leading to in vivo binding of the display protein to progeny virions. The system is demonstrated as applied to C-terminal fusions to SOC of (1) a tetrapeptide; (2) the 43-residue V3 loop domain of gp120, the human immunodeficiency virus type-I (HIV-I) envelope glycoprotein; and (3) poliovirus VPl capsid protein (312 residues). SOC-V3 displaying phage were highly antigenic in mice and produced antibodies reactive with native gp120. That the fusion protein binds correctly to the surface lattice was attested in averaged electron micrographs of polyheads. The SOC display system is capable of presenting up to -I O 3 copies per capsid and >IO4 copies per polyhead of V3-sized domains. Phage displaying SOC-VPI were isolated from a 1:106 mixture by two cycles of a simple biopanning procedure, indicating that proteins of at least 35 kDa may be accommodated.Keywords: bacteriophage T4; capsid assembly; human immunodeficiency virus antigens; phage display; protein engineering Filamentous phage-based display systems (Smith, 1985) have found widespread use in molecular biology, including many immunologic applications such as antigen presentation and the immunoisolation of desired recombinants (biopanning) (Marks et al., 1992;Smith et al ., 1993;Williamson et al., 1993). However, with filamentous phages, peptides that may be displayed from the major coat protein are limited in size to 6-10 amino acid residues (Kishchenko et al., 1994;Iannolo et al., 1995), although somewhat