Variation and modifying factors of the exposure to lead and cadmium based on an epidemiological study

Louekari, Kimmo; Uusitalo, Ulla; Pietinen, Pirjo

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(89)90365-3

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Diet is a primary exposure source for non-smoking populations (Louekari et al 1989;Satarug et al 2000b;Amzal et al 2009;Arnich et al 2012;Sand and Becker 2012;Satarug 2012). For a large portion of the general population, tobacco smoke is a secondary source (Mortensen et al 2011).…”

Section: Exposure Sources: a Case Of Food-chain Transfer Of Soil Cadmiummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emerging Roles of Cadmium and Heme Oxygenase in Type-2 Diabetes and Cancer Susceptibility

Satarug

2012

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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Many decades after an outbreak of severe cadmium poisoning, known as Itai-itai disease, cadmium continues to pose a significant threat to human health worldwide. This review provides an update on the effects of this environmental toxicant cadmium, observed in numerous populations despite modest exposure levels. In addition, it describes the current knowledge on the link between heme catabolism and glycolysis. It examines novel functions of heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2) that protect against type 2-diabetes and obesity, which have emerged from diabetic/obese phenotypes of the HO-2 knockout mouse model. Increased cancer susceptibility in type-2 diabetes has been noted in several large cohorts. This is a cause for concern, given the high prevalence of type-2 diabetes worldwide. A lifetime exposure to cadmium is associated with pre-diabetes, diabetes, and overall cancer mortality with sex-related differences in specific types of cancer. Liver and kidney are target organs for the toxic effects of cadmium. These two organs are central to the maintenance of blood glucose levels. Further, inhibition of gluconeogenesis is a known effect of heme, while cadmium has the propensity to alter heme catabolism. This raises the possibility that cadmium may mimic certain HO-2 deficiency conditions, resulting in diabetic symptoms. Intriguingly, evidence has emerged from a recent study to suggest the potential interaction and co-regulation of HO-2 with the key regulator of glycolysis: 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 4 (PFKFB4). HO-2 could thus be critical to a metabolic switch to cancer-prone cells because the enzyme PFKFB and glycolysis are metabolic requirements for cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis.

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Section: Exposure Sources: a Case Of Food-chain Transfer Of Soil Cadmiummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study of 1,348 persons in Finland showed dietary cadmium exposures of 13-17 μg/day in men and 12-13 μg/ day in women (Louekari et al 1989). Dietary cadmium exposures in the USA were 15-22.4 μg/day in men and 13.5-16.5 μg/day in women (Ruiz et al 2010).…”

Section: How Much Cadmium Is In Human Diet?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Roles of Cadmium and Heme Oxygenase in Type-2 Diabetes and Cancer Susceptibility

Satarug

2012

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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“…For the general population, diet is the most important source of cadmium [35]. There is some evidence that the concentration of cadmium in cultivated soils and in food has increased over a long period of time [3,24,37,56].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Risks Associated with Predicted Increase of Cadmium in Cultivated Soils and in the Diet

Louekari

Mäkelä-Kurtto

Jousilahti

2007

Environ Model Assess

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We have assessed the change of the dietary intake and the potential health risks of cadmium in Finland, assuming that a high level of cadmium in fertilizers (138 mg Cd/kg P) would prevail for the next 100 years. Soil measurements and modelling were used to derive the predicted level of cadmium in foods. In three important cultivars, wheat, potato and sugar beet, the cadmium concentration would increase by 20-35%. Consequently, the average dietary intake of cadmium in Finland would increase from 7.9 to 10.0 μg/day, corresponding with the urinary level of about 0.2 μg/l, a level that has not been associated with effects on the human health. However, in the risk group with 1) high dietary intake of cadmium, 2) elevated gastrointestinal absorption, and 3) tobacco smoking, the estimated urinary level of cadmium would be 2.0 μg/l. Recent epidemiological studies have shown that urinary level of 1-2 μg Cd/l is associated with an increased risk of bone demineralization and fractures, and 2-4 μg Cd/ l with pre-clinical kidney damage. People characterized by more than one of the above-mentioned risks factors, may develop the adverse health effects at an old age, when cadmium has accumulated in the body.

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“…The level of harmful substances in individuals biological samples depends on the exposure and the characteristics of such individuals, which may affect the intake and the absorption, as well as the concentration of such substances in internal organs (Louekari et al, 1989). The intake of certain harmful substances is considered a substantial health risk, even when the concentrations of such substances are relatively low, which is mostly due to a longer exposure period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure assessment of male recruits in Slovenia to cadmium and lead due to biological monitoring

Eržen¹,

Kragelj

2004

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Aims: In Slovenia, there were no data available for an assessment of cadmium and lead levels in the population till 2001. The present study was conducted to evaluate the cadmium and lead burden from all sources (air, food, water) with the aim of obtaining initial information on cadmium and lead levels in blood of healthy and occupationally unexposed young males. Methods: There were 464 participants included in the analysis of blood cadmium and lead levels, aged between 18 and 27 years, the median age being 20 years. Blood samples of maximum 2 ml were taken from the cubital vein for analysis of cadmium and lead levels. Results: There were 463 blood samples analyzed for cadmium and 464 for lead. Of all tested persons, 38.2% had less than 0.5 mg/l of cadmium in their blood and 28.2% up to 1 mg/l. The median level of blood cadmium was 0.5 mg/l. The percentage of recruits with blood lead level over 100 mg was 3.1%. The median level of blood lead was 35 mg/l. The differences in blood levels of both pollutants were statistically significant with regard to the region of permanent residence (Po0.001). Conclusions: The results of the study give a good assessment of cadmium and lead burdening of young Slovene male population. The information obtained provides a foundation for further comparative research at the international level as well as for further study and risk assessment of individual population groups exposed to greater risk due to their lifestyle and eating habits.

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Variation and modifying factors of the exposure to lead and cadmium based on an epidemiological study

Cited by 18 publications

References 10 publications

Emerging Roles of Cadmium and Heme Oxygenase in Type-2 Diabetes and Cancer Susceptibility

Emerging Roles of Cadmium and Heme Oxygenase in Type-2 Diabetes and Cancer Susceptibility

Health Risks Associated with Predicted Increase of Cadmium in Cultivated Soils and in the Diet

Exposure assessment of male recruits in Slovenia to cadmium and lead due to biological monitoring

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