Variation and specialisation of the forcipular apparatus of centipedes (Arthropoda: Chilopoda): A comparative morphometric and microscopic investigation of an evolutionary novelty

Dugon, Michel M.; Black, Alexander; Arthur, Wallace

doi:10.1016/j.asd.2012.02.001

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Here, we present the results of just such a study. The character concerned is the morphological novelty that is a synapomorphy of the centipede clade: the pair of venom claws or forcipules found on the first postcephalic segment (Dugon and Arthur ; Dugon et al ). More specifically, we focus on the duct that runs through each forcipule, carrying venom from the gland in which it is made (proximal) to the opening called the meatus (distal) through which venom is injected into prey.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the venom ducts in the centipede Scolopendra: an example of recapitulation

Dugon

Hayden

Black

et al. 2012

Evolution and Development

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In contrast to previous claims that (a) there is a law of recapitulation and, conversely, (b) recapitulation never happens, the evolutionary repatterning of development can take many forms, of which recapitulation is one. Here, we add another example to the list of case studies of recapitulation. This example involves the development of the venom claws (forcipules) in the centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans, and in particular the development of the duct through which venom flows from the gland that produces it (proximal) to the opening called the meatus (distal) through which it is injected into prey. Most of the information we present is from early postembryonic stages--these have been neglected in previous work on centipede development. We show that the venom ducts arise from sutures that are invaginations of the cuticle. In S. s. mutilans, the invagination in each forcipule forms into a tubular structure that detaches itself from the exoskeleton and moves toward the center of the forcipule. This is in contrast to extant Scutigera, and also, probably, Scolopendra's extinct Scutigera-like ancestors, where the duct remains attached to the cuticle of throughout development. Thus, S. s. mutilans exhibits a recapitulatory repatterning of development.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the venom ducts in the centipede Scolopendra: an example of recapitulation

Dugon

Hayden

Black

et al. 2012

Evolution and Development

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“…Several recent studies have shed new light on the origin and evolution of the venom apparatus [ 8 , 10 , 109 , 115 , 117 , 118 ]. These studies suggest that the venom glands originated as patches of glandular epidermal epithelium and its adjoining cuticle that became increasingly invaginated into the interior of the forcipules.…”

Section: Arthropodamentioning

confidence: 99%

Quo Vadis Venomics? A Roadmap to Neglected Venomous Invertebrates

Reumont

Campbell

Jenner

2014

Toxins

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Venomics research is being revolutionized by the increased use of sensitive -omics techniques to identify venom toxins and their transcripts in both well studied and neglected venomous taxa. The study of neglected venomous taxa is necessary both for understanding the full diversity of venom systems that have evolved in the animal kingdom, and to robustly answer fundamental questions about the biology and evolution of venoms without the distorting effect that can result from the current bias introduced by some heavily studied taxa. In this review we draw the outlines of a roadmap into the diversity of poorly studied and understood venomous and putatively venomous invertebrates, which together represent tens of thousands of unique venoms. The main groups we discuss are crustaceans, flies, centipedes, non-spider and non-scorpion arachnids, annelids, molluscs, platyhelminths, nemerteans, and echinoderms. We review what is known about the morphology of the venom systems in these groups, the composition of their venoms, and the bioactivities of the venoms to provide researchers with an entry into a large and scattered literature. We conclude with a short discussion of some important methodological aspects that have come to light with the recent use of new -omics techniques in the study of venoms.

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“…Traditionally, forcipules have been always viewed as resulting from a modification of the first pair of the trunk's walking legs which may be associated early in development with a specific combination or exclusive expression of Hox [40] and wnt [41] genes. In comparison with the legs, adult forcipules are formed by a lower number of podomeres, which are named using a modified leg nomenclature, with a clear homology intent (see Figure 3D in [42] for a SEM view of adult Strigamia maritima forcipules). Besides the large basal fused coxosternite, there are 4 articles: a large trochantero-prefemur, a much reduced femur, a tibia and a terminal tarsungulum.…”

Section: Forcipule Differentiation and Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides the large basal fused coxosternite, there are 4 articles: a large trochantero-prefemur, a much reduced femur, a tibia and a terminal tarsungulum. Possible evolutionary scenarios have been discussed elsewhere from both a morphological [42,43] and a palaeontological point of view [44]. A detailed analysis of development from embryo to adult has only been done, at least in part, for Scolopendra, where the foetus appears to have the same forcipular articles as the adult [31].…”

Section: Forcipule Differentiation and Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The embryoid development of Strigamia maritimaand its bearing on post-embryonic segmentation of geophilomorph centipedes

Brena

2014

Front Zool

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Background: Many arthropods add body segments post-embryonically, including most of the myriapods. However, geophilomorph and scolopendromorph centipedes are epimorphic, i.e. they form all their segments during embryonic time, although this has never been demonstrated directly. Understanding the similarity between embryonic and post-embryonic segmentation is pivotal to understand the possible evolution from anamorphosis to epimorphosis. We have previously demonstrated that in the geophilomorph centipede Strigamia maritima most segments are produced by an oscillatory mechanism operating through waves of expression at double segment periodicity, but that the last-forming (posteriormost) segments are patterned with a different system which might be more similar to post-embryonic segmentation. Results: With a careful analysis of a large number of specimens, I show that the first ("embryoid") phase of post-embryonic development is clearly distinct from the following ones. It is characterized by more moults than previously reported, allowing me to define and name new stages. I describe these embryoid stages and the first free-leaving stage in detail, providing data on their duration and useful identification characters. At hatching, the prospective last leg-bearing segment is limbless and the genital segments are added in the following stages, indicating a residual anamorphosis in Strigamia segmentation. I demonstrate directly for the first time that at least the leg-bearing segments are in general produced during embryonic life, although in some individuals the external delineation of the last leg-bearing segment may be delayed to post-embryonic time, a possible further residual of anamorphic development. Additionally, I show that the development of the poison claws during this post-embryonic phase may have some element of recapitulation.

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Variation and specialisation of the forcipular apparatus of centipedes (Arthropoda: Chilopoda): A comparative morphometric and microscopic investigation of an evolutionary novelty

Cited by 17 publications

References 30 publications

Development of the venom ducts in the centipede Scolopendra: an example of recapitulation

Development of the venom ducts in the centipede Scolopendra: an example of recapitulation

Quo Vadis Venomics? A Roadmap to Neglected Venomous Invertebrates

The embryoid development of Strigamia maritimaand its bearing on post-embryonic segmentation of geophilomorph centipedes

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