Abstract. To clarify the cost of mate guarding, when males attract additional mates, I studied the mate guarding behaviour of the Black-browed Reed Warbler Acrocephalus bistrigiceps in south-central Honshu, Japan in 1997. The percentage of time spent by males close (<5m) to their mates was significantly higher, and the distance between mates was significantly closer during the fertile than during the post-fertile period. Males followed their mates, whereas females did not follow the males. Territorial intrusions, by conspecific males, occurred more frequently in territories with nesting females than in those of solitary males, and an intruding male was found to court a fertile female when her mate was absent. These observations indicate that there is a real risk of extra-pair fertilization. Three males switched their behaviour from mate guarding to singing and attracted secondary females by resuming singing. Two of them stopped mate guarding on the day the first egg was laid, so their mates were unguarded during the remainder of their fertile period. In contrast, three other males, which maintained monogamous pair-bonds, continued to guard their mates throughout the fertile period. Male warblers who attract secondary mates appear to incur an additional cost in mate guarding.