Variation in Midfacial Tissue Thickness of African-American Children

Williamson, Matthew A.; Nawrocki, Stephen P.; Rathbun, Ted A.

doi:10.1520/jfs15201j

Cited by 60 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The underrepresentation of young children is also seen in other studies where pooled data are used to circumnavigate the problem, (4,5,11,13,15,23,25,39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Facial reconstruction / approximation is based on STT data and the debate in literature concerns the validity of using data specific to populations, sexes and age groups [4][5][6][7]11,[13][14][15][16]20,29,32,34]. Some authors argued that generalized pooled data can be used, ignoring these possible variants [18,[23][24][25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some authors argued that generalized pooled data can be used, ignoring these possible variants [18,[23][24][25]. However, most authors agree that adult and juvenile STT are different, but do not agree on how age categories should be divided [4,5,[11][12][13][14][15][16]23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comparison of the different pooling methods show that the division of the STT data into two age groups rather than three [11,13,15,39] rendered results that were less complex to interpret and trends could be better identified. When using age ranges from 6 -8 year olds and 9…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data on STT of children are on the increase in the literature, but it mainly involves American children of European [5,11,12] and African [5,13] descent. Three studies on children from countries other than the USA were found and included Hispanic [5], White British [4] and female Japanese children [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soft tissue thickness values for black and coloured South African children aged 6–13 years

Briers¹,

Briers²,

Becker³

et al. 2015

Forensic Science International

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Highlights• Population data for facial soft tissue thickness (STT) of Black and Coloured South African children are provided for facial reconstruction / approximation of juvenile remains.• STT data should be pooled as two age groups subdivided at age 10 with ancestry taken into account.• Sex should not be considered as it seems not to impact STT with more than 2 mm at any landmark.• STTs in Coloured children are generally larger than in Black children. AbstractIn children, craniofacial changes due to facial growth complicate facial approximations and require specific knowledge of soft tissue thicknesses (STT). The lack of South African juvenile STT standards of particular age groups, sex and ancestry is problematic. According to forensic artists in the South African Police Service the use of African-American values to reconstruct faces of Black South African children yields poor results. In order to perform a facial approximation that presents a true reflection of the child in question, information regarding 2 differences in facial soft tissue at different ages, sexes and ancestry groups is needed. The aims of this study were to provide data on STT of South African Black and Coloured children and to to assess differences in STT with respect to age, sex and ancestry. STT was measured using cephalograms of South African children (n = 388), aged 6 -13 years. After digitizing the images, STT measurements were taken at ten mid-facial landmarks from each image using the iTEM measuring program. STT comparisons between groups per age, sex and ancestry were statistically analyzed. The results showed that STT differences at lower face landmarks are more pronounced in age groups per ancestry as opposed to differences per age and sex. Generally, an increase in STT was seen between 6 -10 year old groups and 11 -13 year old groups, regardless of ancestry and sex, at the midphiltrum, labiale inferius, pogonion, and beneath chin landmarks.This research created a reference dataset for STT of South African children of Black and Coloured ancestry per age and sex that will be useful for facial reconstruction / approximation of juvenile remains.

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“…The underrepresentation of young children is also seen in other studies where pooled data are used to circumnavigate the problem, (4,5,11,13,15,23,25,39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Soft tissue thickness values for black and coloured South African children aged 6–13 years

Briers¹,

Briers²,

Becker³

et al. 2015

Forensic Science International

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Nasal dimensions in normal subjects: Conventional anthropometry versus computerized anthropometry

Sforza¹,

Dellavia²,

Colombo³

et al. 2004

American J of Med Genetics Pt A

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The aim of the current investigation was to compare computerized measurements of nasal linear distances (nasal tip protrusion, height of the cutaneous upper lip, length of the nasal bridge) collected from 705 healthy individuals from Northern Italy (age range 6-60 years) using an electromagnetic digitizer with conventional anthropometric measurements: one set obtained on individuals of central European origin (Zankl et al.), and one set collected from North American Caucasians (Farkas et al.). On average, the present lengths of the nasal bridge were always significantly smaller than the European data (P < 0.01, Student's t for independent samples). Nevertheless, only in one sex and age group of 18 the discrepancy between the two mean values was larger than 10 mm. In other 10 groups, the mean values differed less than 5 mm. More limited differences (up to 6.5 mm) were found in comparison to the American data. For nasal tip protrusion, digital and conventional data were significantly different (up to 4 mm) in 18 instances of 30. On average, the present heights of the cutaneous upper lip were always smaller than the European data (up to 2.9 mm). The differences were statistically significant in 14 groups of 18. Minor discrepancies (less than 1 mm in nine groups of 12) were found in comparison to the American data. Statistical significance was reached only in seven comparisons. In conclusion, the conventional anthropometric and the digital data compared in the current study, though not superimposable, seemed sufficiently interchangeable, at least from a clinical point of view.

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Medical Imaging and Facial Soft Tissue Thickness Studies for Forensic Craniofacial Approximation: A Pilot Study on Modern Cretans

Somos

Rea

Shankland

et al. 2019

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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Variation in Midfacial Tissue Thickness of African-American Children

Cited by 60 publications

References 9 publications

Soft tissue thickness values for black and coloured South African children aged 6–13 years

Soft tissue thickness values for black and coloured South African children aged 6–13 years

Nasal dimensions in normal subjects: Conventional anthropometry versus computerized anthropometry

Medical Imaging and Facial Soft Tissue Thickness Studies for Forensic Craniofacial Approximation: A Pilot Study on Modern Cretans

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