Variation in Plant Defense against Invasive Herbivores: Evidence for a Hypersensitive Response in Eastern Hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis)

Radville, Laura; Chaves, Arielle M.; Preisser, Evan L.

doi:10.1007/s10886-011-9962-z

Cited by 74 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This indicates that there can be differences between local and systemic tissue quality, but most importantly that these harmful insects can have an impact at the whole-plant level despite their patchy distribution within a tree. This systemic impact was also shown by an increased hypersensitive response in uninfested hemlock foliage in response to HWA but not EHS distal feeding (Radville et al 2011).…”

Section: Individual Attacksmentioning

confidence: 79%

Exotic herbivores on a shared native host: tissue quality after individual, simultaneous, and sequential attack

2012

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Plants in nature are often attacked by multiple enemies whose effect on the plant cannot always be predicted based on the outcome of individual attacks. We investigated how two invasive herbivores, the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) (HWA) and the elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa) (EHS), alter host plant quality (measured as amino acid concentration and composition) when feeding individually or jointly on eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), an important long-lived forest tree that is in severe decline. The joint herbivore treatments included both simultaneous and sequential infestations by the two herbivores. We expected resource depletion over time, particularly in response to feeding by HWA. In contrast, HWA dramatically increased the concentration and altered the composition of individual free amino acids. Compared to control trees, HWA increased total amino acid concentration by 330% after 1 year of infestation. Conversely, EHS had a negligible effect when feeding individually. Interestingly, there was a marginally significant HWA × EHS interaction that suggests the potential for EHS presence to reduce the impact of HWA on foliage quality when the two species co-occur. We suggest indirect effects of water stress as a possible physiological mechanism for our results. Understanding how species interactions change the physiology of a shared host is crucial to making more accurate predictions about host mortality and subsequent changes in affected communities and ecosystems, and to help design appropriate management plans.

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Section: Individual Attacksmentioning

confidence: 79%

Exotic herbivores on a shared native host: tissue quality after individual, simultaneous, and sequential attack

2012

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“…Although little is known about why these species differ in their impact, there is evidence that A. tsugae induces an especially pronounced hypersensitive response in the tree (Radville et al 2011). The hypersensitive response is a plant defense response that increases the levels of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), thereby inducing cell death in herbivore-colonized areas to isolate and starve feeding organisms (Heath 2000, Liu et al 2010.…”

Section: Abstract Adelges Tsugae Fiorinia Externa Tsuga Canadensismentioning

confidence: 99%

False Ring Formation in Eastern Hemlock Branches: Impacts of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid and Elongate Hemlock Scale

2012

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Herbivores can alter plant physiology through the induction of abnormal wood formation. Feeding by some insects induces the formation of false rings, a band of thick-walled latewood cells within the earlywood portion of the tree ring that reduces water transport. Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) and elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa Ferris) are invasive insects that both feed on eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière]. Adelges tsugae has a greater effect on tree health than F. externa, but the mechanism underlying their differential effect is unknown. We explored the effects of these herbivores by assessing growth ring formation in branches of trees that had been experimentally infested for 4 yr with A. tsugae, F. externa, or neither insect. We measured false ring density, ring growth, and earlywood: latewood ratios in the two most recently deposited growth rings. Branches from A. tsugae-infested trees had 30% more false rings than branches from F. externa-infested trees and 50% more than branches from uninfested trees. In contrast, branches from F. externa-infested trees and control trees did not differ in false ring formation. Radial growth and earlywood: latewood ratios did not differ among treatments. Our results show that two invasive herbivores with piercing-sucking mouth parts have differing effects on false ring formation in eastern hemlock. These false rings may be the product of a systemic plant hypersensitive response to feeding by A. tsugae on hemlock stems. If false rings are responsible for or symptomatic of hemlock water stress, this may provide a potential explanation for the relatively large effect of A. tsugae infestations on tree health.

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“…The increase of O 2 ⋅-and H 2 O 2 levels, together with induction of cell death in the infested areas, is an important response in plant defense mechanism against aphid herbivores. Contrary, the high content of ROS can exert toxic effects, and their uncontrolled productions can result in cellular oxidative damage of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids [1]. To maintain a balance of two those antagonistic roles of ROS, plant cells produce a number of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidases (POX), etc., which are able to control the ROS-generation as a defensive element and ROS-detoxifying to reduce oxidative damage [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ANTIOXIDATIVE DEFENSE RESPONSE TO APHID-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. “Nam Dan”

Toan

Huyen

Chung

2016

JST

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Infestation of cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) induced oxidative stress in leaves of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. "Nam Dan") with a burst in generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) products such as superoxide anion radical (O 2 .-) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) recorded around 24 hours after aphid feeding. A continuous increase in content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in lipid peroxidation and a defined percentage of injury in aphid-infested leaves (2.20 -8.79 %) were resulted from the cellular oxidative damage. An enhanced activity of the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) was recorded in leaves of soybean "Nam Dan" from 24 to 48 hours post-infestation (hpi). The enhancement of these enzymes function as the antioxidative response that controlled both ROS-accumulation playing as defensive element and ROSdetoxifying, therefore, reduce the oxidative damage within 48-96 hpi. Activity of SOD and CAT also can improve the tolerance of soybean "Nam Dan" to infestation from A. craccivora.

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Variation in Plant Defense against Invasive Herbivores: Evidence for a Hypersensitive Response in Eastern Hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis)

Cited by 74 publications

References 35 publications

Exotic herbivores on a shared native host: tissue quality after individual, simultaneous, and sequential attack

Exotic herbivores on a shared native host: tissue quality after individual, simultaneous, and sequential attack

False Ring Formation in Eastern Hemlock Branches: Impacts of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid and Elongate Hemlock Scale

ANTIOXIDATIVE DEFENSE RESPONSE TO APHID-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. “Nam Dan”

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