Variation in the Female Frenulum in Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) Part 1. Chlidanotinae

Yang, April; Brown, John W.

doi:10.4289/0013-8797-111.3.743

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The question of subfamily monophyly aside, the relative positions of the three tribes of Chlidanotinae conform to those proposed by previous authors based on morphology [16] , [24] , [62] – [64] , including Horak [29] , who suggested that Hilarographini may be subordinate within Chlidanotini. Our two exemplar genera of Polyorthini ( Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

A Molecular Phylogeny for the Leaf-Roller Moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Its Implications for Classification and Life History Evolution

et al. 2012

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BackgroundTortricidae, one of the largest families of microlepidopterans, comprise about 10,000 described species worldwide, including important pests, biological control agents and experimental models. Understanding of tortricid phylogeny, the basis for a predictive classification, is currently provisional. We present the first detailed molecular estimate of relationships across the tribes and subfamilies of Tortricidae, assess its concordance with previous morphological evidence, and re-examine postulated evolutionary trends in host plant use and biogeography.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe sequenced up to five nuclear genes (6,633 bp) in each of 52 tortricids spanning all three subfamilies and 19 of the 22 tribes, plus up to 14 additional genes, for a total of 14,826 bp, in 29 of those taxa plus all 14 outgroup taxa. Maximum likelihood analyses yield trees that, within Tortricidae, differ little among data sets and character treatments and are nearly always strongly supported at all levels of divergence. Support for several nodes was greatly increased by the additional 14 genes sequenced in just 29 of 52 tortricids, with no evidence of phylogenetic artifacts from deliberately incomplete gene sampling. There is strong support for the monophyly of Tortricinae and of Olethreutinae, and for grouping of these to the exclusion of Chlidanotinae. Relationships among tribes are robustly resolved in Tortricinae and mostly so in Olethreutinae. Feeding habit (internal versus external) is strongly conserved on the phylogeny. Within Tortricinae, a clade characterized by eggs being deposited in large clusters, in contrast to singly or in small batches, has markedly elevated incidence of polyphagous species. The five earliest-branching tortricid lineages are all species-poor tribes with mainly southern/tropical distributions, consistent with a hypothesized Gondwanan origin for the family.Conclusions/SignificanceWe present the first robustly supported phylogeny for Tortricidae, and a revised classification in which all of the sampled tribes are now monophyletic.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

A Molecular Phylogeny for the Leaf-Roller Moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Its Implications for Classification and Life History Evolution

et al. 2012

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“…The frenulum/retinaculum system often varies between sexes, with males frequently having a single bristle and females having multiple hair‐like bristles. Variation in the frenulum/retinaculum complex has been studied in many of the ‘micro moths’, such as the Tortricidae and Pyraloidea (Braun, , ; Sauter, ; Kristensen, ; Rota et al ., ; Yang & Brown, ; Monsalve et al ., ). Among ‘macro moths’, the presence or the absence of the frenulum, and/or the retinaculum, has merely been tabulated for systematic purposes, but its evolution has not been studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new target capture phylogeny elucidates the systematics and evolution of wing coupling in sack‐bearer moths

Laurent

Mielke²,

Herbin

et al. 2020

Systematic Entomology

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The frenulum is a wing coupling structure that is found on the wings of most families of Lepidoptera. It is a single bristle or set of bristles that originate from the base of the hindwing that often interlocks with the forewing during flight. This wing coupling mechanism is thought to have been a major evolutionary innovation that allowed for enhanced flight in Lepidoptera. The sack-bearer moths (Mimallonidae) are unusual among Lepidoptera in that not all species within the family have a frenulum. We test the hypothesis that the frenulum is not necessary and is therefore lost in mimallonids that have longer male forewings, because such wings are perhaps better suited to be coupled by other means. To understand the evolution of the frenulum, we inferred the most taxonomically and genetically sampled anchored hybrid enrichment-based phylogeny of Mimallonidae, including 604 loci from all 41 genera and from 120 species, covering about 40% of the described species in the family. The maximum likelihood tree robustly supports major relationships within the family, and ancestral state reconstruction clearly recovers the frenulum as the plesiomorphic condition in Mimallonidae. Our results show that the frenulum is more often observed in species that have shorter, rather than longer, male forewings. The frenulum has historically been used as an important character for intrafamilial classification in Mimallonidae, but our results conclusively show that this character system is more variable than previously thought. Based on our results, we erect two new subfamilies, Roelofinae St Laurent & Kawahara, subfam.n. and Meneviinae St Laurent, Herbin, & Kawahara, subfam.n., for four genera previously considered incertae sedis. In the predominantly frenulum-lacking clade Cicinninae, we describe a new genus, Cerradocinnus St Laurent, Mielke, & Kawahara, gen.n., and the genus Gonogramma stat. rev. is revalidated to include many species previously placed in Cicinnus sensu lato. With these changes, Cicinnus can now be considered monophyletic. Thirty-three species are transferred to Gonogramma from Cicinnus sensu lato.This published work has been registered on Zoobank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid: zoobank.

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“…U.S.A. Comments: The presence of ocelli and a frenulum with three acanthi are all typical female characters in Tortricinae and Polyorthini (Chlidanotinae); in females of Chlidanotini and Hilarographini, the two other tribes of Chlidanotinae, the frenulum usually has only two acanthi (Yang & Brown 2009). The chaetosemata, which are highly characteristic of Tortricidae and lacking in similar microlepidoptera, are not visible.…”

Section: Polyvena Horatismentioning

confidence: 99%

Re-examining the rare and the lost: a review of fossil Tortricidae (Lepidoptera)

Heikkilä

Brown

Baixeras

et al. 2018

Zootaxa

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We re-evaluate eleven fossils that have previously been assigned to the family Tortricidae, describe one additional fossil, and assess whether observable morphological features warrant confident assignment of these specimens to this family. We provide an overview of the age and origin of the fossils and comment on their contribution towards understanding the phylogeny of the Lepidoptera. Our results show that only one specimen, Antiquatortia histuroides Brown & Baixeras gen. and sp. nov., shows a character considered synapomorphic for the family. Six other fossils (Electresia zalesskii Kusnezov,

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Variation in the Female Frenulum in Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) Part 1. Chlidanotinae

Cited by 7 publications

References 6 publications

A Molecular Phylogeny for the Leaf-Roller Moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Its Implications for Classification and Life History Evolution

A Molecular Phylogeny for the Leaf-Roller Moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Its Implications for Classification and Life History Evolution

A new target capture phylogeny elucidates the systematics and evolution of wing coupling in sack‐bearer moths

Re-examining the rare and the lost: a review of fossil Tortricidae (Lepidoptera)

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