Variation in the<i>AvrSr35</i>gene determines<i>Sr35</i>resistance against wheat stem rust race Ug99

Salcedo, Andrés; Rutter, William B.; Wang, Shichen; Akhunova, Alina; Bolus, Stephen; Chao, Shiaoman; Anderson, Nickolas; Soto, Monica Fernandez de; Rouse, Matthew N.; Szabo, Les J.; Bowden, Robert L.; Dubcovsky, Jorge; Akhunov, Eduard

doi:10.1126/science.aao7294

Cited by 189 publications

(200 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Changes in pathogen effectors, including amino acid changes in the contact surface, loss-of-function mutations, or deletions, can help the pathogen avoid detection by the corresponding NBS-LRR genes Salcedo et al, 2017). As a result, many all-stage resistance genes are defeated within a few years of their commercial deployment by the rapidly evolving rust populations.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mapping QTL for Resistance to New Virulent Races of Wheat Stripe Rust from Two Argentinean Wheat Cultivars

et al. 2018

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During the last two decades, new virulent and aggressive races of Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici (Pst) have spread worldwide, causing devastating epidemics and prompting the search for new sources of resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Between 2012 and 2017, we mapped four stripe rust resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) effective against the Pst races present in California, USA, using recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from the cross between the Argentinean cultivars ‘Klein Proteo’ and ‘Klein Chajá’. The RIL population showed transgressive segregation in all six growing seasons relative to the parental lines, which showed moderate levels of Pst resistance. Analyses by year detected QTL conferring adult plant resistance on chromosomes 1BL, 2BS, 3D centromeric (from Klein Chajá), and 4DL (from Klein Proteo). QYr.ucw‐1BL, mapped in the Yr29 resistance gene region, was significant in all seasons (P < 0.01) and explained on average 31.0 to 32.8% of the observed variation. QYr.ucw‐2BS showed a stronger effect than QYr.ucw‐1BL in 2013 but was ineffective in 2014 and 2016. This QTL also conferred seedling resistance, suggesting that it is an all‐stage resistance gene. Centromeric QYr.ucw‐3D and QYr.ucw‐4DL showed smaller effects than the previous QTL and were significant only in some of the experiments. No significant interactions were detected among QTL, indicating the absence of digenic epistatic effects. The molecular markers identified in this study can be used to combine these genes and accelerate their deployment in wheat breeding programs.

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confidence: 99%

Mapping QTL for Resistance to New Virulent Races of Wheat Stripe Rust from Two Argentinean Wheat Cultivars

et al. 2018

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“…In P. infestans , polymorphic amino acids K 80 and I 103 of AVR3a contribute to detection by R3a with K 80 having a critical effect (Bos et al ., ), and amino acid 69 of AVRblb2 is critical for detection by Rpi‐blb2 (Oh et al ., ). More recently, variations in the AvrSr35 gene determined Sr35 resistance against wheat stem rust race Ug99 (Salcedo et al ., ). These studies, together with our findings, uncovered the diversity of mechanisms that have evolved in the effectors of plant pathogens to avoid detection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Natural allelic variations provide insights into host adaptation of Phytophthora avirulence effector PsAvr3c

Huang

Chen

et al. 2018

New Phytologist

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Filamentous pathogens, such as fungi and oomycetes, secrete avirulence (AVR) effectors that trigger plant immune responses and provide striking examples of host adaptations. Avr effector genes display different types of allelic variations, including deletions, epigenetic silencing and sequence polymorphisms, to avoid detection. However, how effector sequence polymorphisms enable pathogens to dodge host immune surveillance remains largely unknown. PsAvr3c is a Phytophthora AVR gene that is recognized by soybean carrying Rps3c. PsAvr3c natural alleles display a rich diversity of single nucleotide polymorphisms in field isolates. We combined both site-directed mutagenesis and population sequence surveys to identify a serine substitution of glycine at position 174 in PsAvr3c that resulted in evasion of Rps3c-mediated soybean immunity. The S174G substitution did not affect the nuclear localization of PsAvr3c in planta, which is required to activate Rps3c, but it significantly impaired the binding affinity of PsAvr3c with a previously identified spliceosome-associated protein GmSKRPs. Silencing GmSKRPs specifically impaired PsAvr3c-triggered cell death in Rps3c soybean. This study uncovered a plant Phytophthora pathogen that adapted to a resistant plant through a key amino acid mutation and subsequently reduced the binding affinity with a plant immune regulator to evade host resistance.

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“…Two recent studies demonstrated the degree to which genomics has impacted the field by combining genomics and resequencing approaches to identify AvrSr35 and AvrSr50 , two P. graminis f. sp. tritici avirulence effector genes (see details in Section ; Chen et al ., ; Salcedo et al ., ). It is very likely that population genomics and genome‐wide association studies will unveil even more key pathogenicity determinants over the next few years.…”

Section: Rusts In the Genomics Era: The Ever‐expanding List Of Candidmentioning

confidence: 97%

Advances in understanding obligate biotrophy in rust fungi

et al. 2019

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Summary Rust fungi (Pucciniales) are the largest group of plant pathogens and represent one of the most devastating threats to agricultural crops worldwide. Despite the economic importance of these highly specialized pathogens, many aspects of their biology remain obscure, largely because rust fungi are obligate biotrophs. The rise of genomics and advances in high‐throughput sequencing technology have presented new options for identifying candidate effector genes involved in pathogenicity mechanisms of rust fungi. Transcriptome analysis and integrated bioinformatics tools have led to the identification of key genetic determinants of host susceptibility to infection by rusts. Thousands of genes encoding secreted proteins highly expressed during host infection have been reported for different rust species, which represents significant potential towards understanding rust effector function. Recent high‐throughput in planta expression screen approaches (effectoromics) have pushed the field ahead even further towards predicting high‐priority effectors and identifying avirulence genes. These new insights into rust effector biology promise to inform future research and spur the development of effective and sustainable strategies for managing rust diseases.

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Variation in theAvrSr35gene determinesSr35resistance against wheat stem rust race Ug99

Cited by 189 publications

References 28 publications

Mapping QTL for Resistance to New Virulent Races of Wheat Stripe Rust from Two Argentinean Wheat Cultivars

Mapping QTL for Resistance to New Virulent Races of Wheat Stripe Rust from Two Argentinean Wheat Cultivars

Natural allelic variations provide insights into host adaptation of Phytophthora avirulence effector PsAvr3c

Advances in understanding obligate biotrophy in rust fungi

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