Variation of Erbil Municipal Wastewater Characteristics Throughout 26 Years (1994-2020) with Possible Treatments and Reusing: A Review

Aziz, Shuokr Qarani

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/978/1/012044

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Erbil MWW can be considered as weak WW (Metcalf and Eddy, 2014). From the documented data, parameters such as pH, temperature, and chloride were in accordance with the standards for wastewater disposal, while TSS and BOD5 exceeded the standards (Mustafa and Sabir 2001;Ali, 2002;Aziz, 2004;Shekha, 2008;Aziz and Ali, 2017;Aziz, 2020). In the literature, wastewater samples were analyzed at another site in Erbil City and some parameters such as BOD5, COD, ammonia, manganese, phenols, oil and grease, TS, TSS and TDS exceeded the standards for wastewater disposal (Aziz and Ali, 2017;2018).…”

Section: Ww Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…The low BOD5 and COD values are due to the dilution of wastewater by other types of wastewater with low BOD values entering the sewer. Higher values of BOD5 and COD were reported in the literature for Erbil wastewater (Mustafa and Sabir, 2001;Aziz, 2004, Aziz andAli, 2017;Aziz, 2020). Erbil MWW can be considered as weak WW (Metcalf and Eddy, 2014).…”

Section: Ww Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…In this scenario, WW increasingly becomes a valuable resource rather than a waste product. Certainly, irrigation with treated wastewater is already practiced, mainly in agriculture and landscaping (Bixio et al, 2006;Aziz et al, 2019;Aziz, 2020;Al-Murshady et al, 2021;Ramirez et al, 2021;Ortega-Pozo et al, 2022).…”

Section: Rsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design steps and performance of aerated lagoon, oxidation ditch and wetland methods for Erbil municipal wastewater treatment and reusing

Qarani,

Adnan,

Mojiri

et al. 2023

Recycling and Sustainable Development

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The objectives of the current study were to investigate the characterization, treatment techniques and reuse of fresh municipal wastewater (MWW) from the east-south area of Erbil city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The collected wastewater samples were analyzed for 21 quality parameters. Some of the quality parameters such as color (146 Pt. Co and 337 Pt. Co), total solids (800 mg/L), suspended solids (400 mg/L and 1100 mg/L), nitrate (17.7 mg/L), nitrite (11 mg/L and 29 mg/L), and ammonia (2.09 mg/L and 2.64 mg/L) exceeded the standards for wastewater disposal. Accordingly, treatment was required before the wastewater could be discharged to the natural environment. Treatment techniques such as aerated lagoons, oxidation ditches, and wetlands were designed and investigated. Design procedures, calculations, and performance for each treatment method were explained. The total area designed for aerated lagoons, oxidation ditches, and wetlands was 72000 m2, 17180 m2, and 25200 m2, respectively. In general, the wetland method was the most effective method with efficiencies of 91.6 % for biochemical oxygen demand, 90.4 % for chemical oxygen demand, 85.7 % for ammonia, and 91.8 % for suspended solids. Treated wastewater can be reused for irrigation purposes and is completely safe for irrigation. The use of treated wastewater from the east-south part of the city of Erbil for irrigation instead of drinking water is economical and leads to the conservation of drinking water sources.

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Section: Ww Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Ww Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Design steps and performance of aerated lagoon, oxidation ditch and wetland methods for Erbil municipal wastewater treatment and reusing

Qarani,

Adnan,

Mojiri

et al. 2023

Recycling and Sustainable Development

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“…It can be noticed from results that color, NH3-N, NO3, NO2, BOD5, and COD for the BW samples were exceeded the wastewater disposal standards (EPA, 2003;Iraqi Environmental Standards, 2011;Aziz, 2020); Subsequently, the BW in Erbil City needs treatment prior disposal to the environment. Additionally, BW commonly impacted negatively on the MWW and increased the pollutants.…”

Section: Bw Treatment Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A wide range of technologies is preceded by a sedimentation step as pre-treatment use of septic tanks, or screening are applied to reduce the number of particles and oil and grease (Friedler et al, 2005), then followed by a disinfection step as post treatment. For wastewater treatment and reuse, several biological processes can be used, such as rotary biological contactors (RBC), membrane bioreactors (MBR), constructed wetlands (CW), and sequencing batch reactors (SBR) (Li, 2009;Aziz et al, 2020). Various treatment technologies can be integrated according to the 'fit for purpose' concept.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Blackwater Disposal in Erbil City on Municipal Wastewater and Bounded Soil Characteristics with Potential Solutions

2021

Global NEST: The International Journal

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<p>Direct discharge of black water (BW) without treatment to the natural environment causes problems for the environment. The present research aimed to examine the impact of direct disposal of BW on the municipal wastewater (MWW) and surrounded soil characteristics in the BW disposal site in Erbil City- Kurdistan Region (KR), Iraq. To check the effect of BW on the boarded MWW and the soil; BW, MWW, BW mixed with MWW (BWMWW), polluted soil, and clean soil samples were collected and analyzed. Samples of BW, MWW, and BWMWW were tested for 32 physical-chemical and biological quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, solids, color, dissolved oxygen, five day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), sulphate, oil and grease, phosphate, Most probable number (M.P.N.) of coliform, Thermo tolerant, M.P.N. E.Coli …etc. In contrast, soil samples were tested for 37 parameters, for instance pH, ORP, organic matter (OM), sulfite, Titanium, Vanadium, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Gallium, Arsenic, Rubidium, Strontium, Yttrium, Zirconium, Molybdenum, Silver, Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Thorium and Uranium. Results revealed that the direct disposal of BW without treatment commonly affected on the MWW and the surrounded soil characteristics. Potential treatment processes and solutions for BW disposal were presented.</p>

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Applying mass balance dilution technique for wastewater disposal to Greater-Zab river in Erbil, Kurdistan region-Iraq

Aziz¹,

Bruska²

2021

Recyc & Sust Dev

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Treatment is essential for wastewaters prior to its disposal to the environment or water sources. Numerous wastewater treatment techniques are applied for the treatment of wastewater types. To date, dilution via mass balance approach has not been reported for treatment of various types of wastewaters in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Consequently, the aim of this work was to examine the treatment of various types of wastewaters using dilution method by river water through applying mass balance approach. Characteristics of different types of wastewaters and Greater-Zab River water in Erbil City were studied. Slaughterhouse, tannery, municipal, landfill-leachate, dairy, and refinery wastewaters in Erbil City were used in the present work. Mass balance approach was applied to verify that dilution of various types of wastewaters using Greater-Zab river water. Dilution factor and required amount of river water were calculated. Temperature, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and Dissolved oxygen (DO) were studied using mass balance approach. Results revealed that dilution factor for Erbil wastewaters varied from 10.36 to 513.91. Mixing of wastewaters with Greater-Zab river water led to decreasing of DO in the river water by 3.525 % and increasing of BOD in the Greater-Zab River water. Dilution using various quantities of raw river water via applying mass balance approach resulted in decreasing the pollutants in the wastewaters to an acceptable level and it was regarded as a treatment process. Each type of wastewater needs a definite quantity of raw water for the treatment. Commonly, sedimentation is suggested prior dilution of wastewater with the Greater-Zab River water. Maximum discharge of 1,182 m3/s is sufficient for treatment of all mentioned types of wastewaters in Erbil City.

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Variation of Erbil Municipal Wastewater Characteristics Throughout 26 Years (1994-2020) with Possible Treatments and Reusing: A Review

Cited by 7 publications

References 11 publications

Design steps and performance of aerated lagoon, oxidation ditch and wetland methods for Erbil municipal wastewater treatment and reusing

Design steps and performance of aerated lagoon, oxidation ditch and wetland methods for Erbil municipal wastewater treatment and reusing

Impact of Blackwater Disposal in Erbil City on Municipal Wastewater and Bounded Soil Characteristics with Potential Solutions

Applying mass balance dilution technique for wastewater disposal to Greater-Zab river in Erbil, Kurdistan region-Iraq

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