Variation of heat release rate with forced longitudinal ventilation for vehicle fires in tunnels

Carvel, Richard; Beard, Alan N.; Jowitt, Paul; Drysdale, Dougal

doi:10.1016/s0379-7112(01)00010-8

Cited by 80 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Similarly there is a high probability that a HGV fire will have a HRR about ten times greater with a forced ventilation velocity of 10ms -1 than with natural ventilation [7,8]. Graphical representations of the expectation of k and the final posterior probability data for a HGV fire, from the original study, are shown in Figure 2.…”

Section: The Influence Of Ventilation On the Heat Release Rate Of A Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire Size and Fire Spread in Tunnels with Longitudinal Ventilation Systems

Carvel

Beard²,

Jowitt

et al. 2005

Journal of Fire Sciences

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The results and findings of three previous research projects are combined with new research to estimate the overall influence of longitudinal ventilation on fire size and spread in tunnels. Each of the three previous projects is briefly described. Combining the results of these three projects, together with knowledge of HGV fire behaviour in an experimental test, enables the estimation of the maximum fire size of a fire in a tunnel and the conditions under which it might spread to an adjacent vehicle, for a given longitudinal ventilation velocity.These results have been combined into a single computer model. Results are presented and discussed. It is concluded that, although it may greatly increase the heat release rate of a fire in a tunnel, increasing the ventilation velocity will tend to reduce the likelihood of the fire spreading to an adjacent vehicle, assuming no flame impingement.

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Section: The Influence Of Ventilation On the Heat Release Rate Of A Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire Size and Fire Spread in Tunnels with Longitudinal Ventilation Systems

Carvel

Beard²,

Jowitt

et al. 2005

Journal of Fire Sciences

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“…Results from the HGV case, in the fully developed phase, are given here; for other cases see Ref [7]. A number of experts were asked to estimate values of k at the maximum heat release rate.…”

Section: Dependence Of Fire Size Upon Forced Ventilationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling Fire Size And Spread In Tunnels

Beard¹,

Carvel²,

Jowitt³

2005

Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the Eigth International Sy

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The heat release rate (HRR) of a fire in a tunnel is a crucial factor, both in terms of fire spread and smoke production. Key factors which influence the HRR are: {1} the nature of the burning item, {2} the tunnel geometry, {3} the ventilation conditions and {4} vehicle separation. This paper reports on work which has been undertaken over a number of years to model the dependence of HRR on these factors; the work is continuing. Specifically, Bayesian probabilistic models have been devised to model the dependence of the HRR of a fire on tunnel geometry and longitudinal forced ventilation and deterministic models have been devised to model fire spread from one item to another in a tunnel similar to the Channel Tunnel; again with longitudinal ventilation. Key interim results are presented.

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“…Others who have studied this phenomena are Carvel et al who. in addition to the effect of the tunnel, have studied effect of the ventilation on the HRR from a fire in a tunnel [10,11]. From a number of test series including tests with wood cribs and HGVs (heavy goods vehicles), they estimated that for a two-lane tunnel with an air flow velocity of 2 m/s the fire growth rate would increase with 3-4 times and the maximum HRR with 1.5 times compared to the natural ventilation case [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[11] refers to a case for a two lane tunnel; ref. [10,13] refer to fires in a single lane tunnel. Ingason [12] concluded that one possible explanation why Carvel et al exhibit such high increase in the maximum heat release rate is the way the fuel was compared.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Air Velocity on Heat Release Rate and Fire Development during Fires in Tunnels

Lönnermark¹,

Ingason²

2008

Fire Saf. Sci.

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Model scale fire tests using wood cribs of different porosity in a ventilated tunnel are presented. The study focuses on the effect of air velocity on maximum Heat Release Rate (HRR) and fire growth rate. To study the influence of different parameters, free burn tests and fire tests inside a model-scale tunnel were performed. The tunnel was 10 m long, the widths used were 0.3 m, 0.45 m, and 0.6 m and the heights used were 0.25 m and 0.4 m. If compared to a normal traffic tunnel, these measures can correspond to a tunnel with a scale of 1:20.The tests show that for a higher porosity wood crib and higher velocities than 0.45 m/s an increasing ventilation rate increases the maximum HRR in the range of 1.3 to 1.7 times the value measured outside the tunnel under ambient conditions. For the lower porosity wood crib and higher velocities, the corresponding increase in the maximum HRR was 1.8 and 2.0, respectively. When compared to ambient conditions inside the tunnel based mass loss rate, this increase was found lower. For all cases when the velocity was 0.22 m/s and the low ceiling height was used, the ratio was found to be lower than one. This was not the case when high ceiling height was used. For the case with a velocity of 0.67 m/s, the fire growth rate increased by a factor of 5-10 times the free burn case. The value depends on the dimensions of the tunnel cross section.

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Variation of heat release rate with forced longitudinal ventilation for vehicle fires in tunnels

Cited by 80 publications

References 5 publications

Fire Size and Fire Spread in Tunnels with Longitudinal Ventilation Systems

Fire Size and Fire Spread in Tunnels with Longitudinal Ventilation Systems

Modelling Fire Size And Spread In Tunnels

The Effect of Air Velocity on Heat Release Rate and Fire Development during Fires in Tunnels

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