Variation of sulfur concentration on the effective deposition of solution processed ZnS thin films for buffer layer in thin film solar cells

Effect of Chemical Bath Deposition Variables on the Properties of Zinc Sulfide Thin Films: A Review

“…CBD-deposited ZnS films have been reported by many researchers. In the literature (see Table 3 ), the following chemical reagents were employed to prepare ZnS: zinc acetate [ 88 , 89 ], zinc acetate dihydrate [ 11 , 75 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 ], zinc chloride [ 11 , 76 , 90 , 96 , 97 , 98 ], zinc nitrate [ 99 ], zinc nitrate hexahydrate [ 90 ], zinc sulfate [ 11 , 77 , 78 , 85 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 ], and zinc sulfate heptahydrate [ 21 , 58 , 69 , 90 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 ] as a source of Zn 2+ ions; sodium sulfide […”

“…The pH regulator of an alkaline solution was adjusted by adding ammonia ( ) [ 18 , 69 , 75 , 85 , 96 , 100 ] and potassium hydroxide (KOH) [ 76 ], and the acidic solution was adjusted by hydrochloric acid (HCl) [ 90 ]. The sulfur sources utilized included sodium sulfide ( [ 94 ], thioacetamide ( ) [ 88 , 90 ], and thiourea ( ) [ 11 , 21 , 58 , 69 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 85 , 89 , 92 , 93 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 ]. The zinc sources utilized included zinc acetate ( [ 88 , 89 ], zinc acetate d...…”

“…The sulfur sources utilized included sodium sulfide ( [ 94 ], thioacetamide ( ) [ 88 , 90 ], and thiourea ( ) [ 11 , 21 , 58 , 69 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 85 , 89 , 92 , 93 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 ]. The zinc sources utilized included zinc acetate ( [ 88 , 89 ], zinc acetate dihydrate [ 11 , 75 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 ], zinc chloride ( ) [ …”

“…Christinal et al [ 109 ] investigated the effect of sulfur concentrations on the growth of CBD-ZnS thin films. The concentration of thiourea varied between 0.4 M and 0.6 M. The most prominent XRD peaks occurred at the (1 1 1) zinc blende structure.…”