Variations in Adrenal Androgen Production Among (Nonhuman) Primates

Conley, Alan J; Pattison, J. Christina; Bird, Ian M.

doi:10.1055/s-2004-861548

Cited by 75 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 144 publications

(214 reference statements)

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“…The DHEA(S) shows a most striking age-related synthesis and secretion pattern that are unique to humans and nonhuman primates [313][314][315][316][317][318][319][320][321][322]. In humans, it occurs at three life stages as classified by Conley et al [319]: a) in utero from the fetal zone (FZ) cells of the developing adrenal cortex; b) during adolescence with the onset of adrenarche and the development of the zona reticularis (ZR); and c) in ever decreasing amounts from the ZR with advancing age.…”

Section: Aging and Adrenal Androgen Secretions Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In humans, it occurs at three life stages as classified by Conley et al [319]: a) in utero from the fetal zone (FZ) cells of the developing adrenal cortex; b) during adolescence with the onset of adrenarche and the development of the zona reticularis (ZR); and c) in ever decreasing amounts from the ZR with advancing age. Before birth, DHEA(S) are produced in the fetal zone of the adrenal cortex early in gestation and production therein increases progressively through the second and third trimesters [3,6,9,[11][12][13].…”

Section: Aging and Adrenal Androgen Secretions Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides humans, the fetal adrenal gland and adult zona reticularis (ZR) of non-human primates also secrete mg quantities of DHEA(S) [319,321,326]. Although various non-human primates show some degree of age-associated secretion pattern in DHEA(S), until now none of the nonhuman primates have been identified that faithfully duplicate the human adrenal secretion pattern covering all three life stages (i.e., fetal zone or FZ, adrenarche, and senescence) [319,321,326].…”

Section: Non-human Primatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although various non-human primates show some degree of age-associated secretion pattern in DHEA(S), until now none of the nonhuman primates have been identified that faithfully duplicate the human adrenal secretion pattern covering all three life stages (i.e., fetal zone or FZ, adrenarche, and senescence) [319,321,326]. However, based on the limited morphological, biochemical, and endocrine data, however, it appears that the marmoset simulates the human pattern of FZ, the chimpanzee the human adrenarche, and the Rhesus macaque or Rhesus monkey and baboons the human mature ZR function that progressively declines with senescence [319,321,326].…”

Section: Non-human Primatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Aging on Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Secretion

Zaidi¹

2013

TOLSJ

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Steroid hormones are lipophilic, low-molecular weight organic compounds all of which are derived from cholesterol. They are primarily synthesized by steroidogenic glands such as gonads (ovary and testis), the adrenal gland and, during pregnancy, by the placental trophoblasts. Limited steroid synthesis also takes place in the brain. Steroid hormones are crucial for the proper functioning of the body. They mediate a wide variety of vital physiological functions, ranging from maintaining normal reproductive function and secondary sexual characteristics, to regulating virtually every metabolic process in the body. Like many age-related endocrine disorders, aging also progressively impacts the tissue-specific synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones. The goal of this review is to summarize the effects of aging on steroid hormone synthesis and secretion by the adrenal gland and gonads of both human and experimental animal models, to describe the potential involvement of excessive oxidative stress in mediating age-related alterations in steroidogenesis, and to discuss the possible underlying mechanisms involved.

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Section: Aging and Adrenal Androgen Secretions Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Aging and Adrenal Androgen Secretions Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Non-human Primatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Non-human Primatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Aging on Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Secretion

Zaidi¹

2013

TOLSJ

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“…In the ZR, ACTH stimulates production of C19 steroids, namely dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in sulphated form (DHEAS; reviewed in Conley & Bird 1997;Hyatt et al 1983). Other factors, however, are also involved in the regulation of C19 steroid production by the ZR, which declines steadily with advancing age (reviewed in Conley et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender and gonadal status differences in zona reticularis expression in marmoset monkey adrenals: Cytochrome b5 localization with respect to cytochrome P450 17,20-lyase activity

Pattison

Saltzman

Abbott

et al. 2007

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

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Neonatal marmosets express an adrenal fetal zone comparable to humans. While adult males fail to express a functional ZR, with barely detectable blood DHEA levels, females produce higher levels of DHEA than males in adulthood. We investigated the presence of a putative functional ZR in adult female marmosets. In contrast to males, immunohistochemical analysis showed the ZR marker cytochrome b5 was elevated in the innermost zone in cycling females (compared to testis-intact males), further elevated in the adrenals from anovulatory females, and substantially elevated and continuous in ovariectomized females. As a functional test in vivo, following overnight dexamethasone treatment, cycling and anovulatory females showed higher levels of DHEA relative to males, but DHEA failed to increase in response to ACTH. In direct contrast, while ovariectomized females exhibited lower initial DHEA levels, clear increases were detectable after ACTH administration (p<0.05), suggesting an adrenal origin. The apparent differences in cytochrome b5 expression between groups were also further verified by western blotting of adrenal microsomes, and compared to 17,20-lyase activity; the two parameters were positively correlated (p<0.01) across multiple treatment groups. We conclude that the cycling female marmoset expresses a rudimentary ZR with at least a capacity for DHEA production that becomes significantly ACTH-responsive after anovulation. Expression of cytochrome b5 in this region may be directly or indirectly controlled by gonadal function, and is, at least in part, a critical determinant in the development of an adrenal ZR that is more defined and significantly ACTH-responsive.

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Functions of corticotropin‐releasing hormone in anthropoid primates: From brain to placenta

Power

Schulkin

2006

American J Hum Biol

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Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is an ancient regulatory molecule. The CRH hormone family has at least four ligands, two receptors, and a binding protein. Its well-known role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is only one of many. The expression of CRH and its related peptides is widespread in peripheral tissue, with important functions in the immune system, energy metabolism, and female reproduction. For example, CRH is involved in the implantation of fertilized ova and in maternal tolerance to the fetus. An apparently unique adaptation has evolved in anthropoid primates: placental expression of CRH. Placental CRH stimulates the fetal adrenal zone, an adrenal structure unique to primates, to produce dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), which is converted to estrogen by the placenta. Cortisol induced from the fetal and maternal adrenal glands by placental CRH induces further placental CRH expression, forming a positive feedback system that results in increasing placental production of estrogen. In humans, abnormally high placental expression of CRH is associated with pregnancy complications (e.g., preterm labor, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and preeclampsia). Within anthropoid primates, there are at least two patterns of placental CRH expression over gestation: monkeys differ from great apes (and humans) by having a midgestational peak in CRH expression. The functional significance of these differences between monkeys and apes is not yet understood, but it supports the hypothesis that placental CRH performs multiple roles during gestation. A clearer understanding of the diversity of patterns of placental CRH expression among anthropoid primates would aid our understanding of its role in human pregnancy.

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Variations in Adrenal Androgen Production Among (Nonhuman) Primates

Cited by 75 publications

References 144 publications

Impact of Aging on Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Secretion

Impact of Aging on Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Secretion

Gender and gonadal status differences in zona reticularis expression in marmoset monkey adrenals: Cytochrome b5 localization with respect to cytochrome P450 17,20-lyase activity

Functions of corticotropin‐releasing hormone in anthropoid primates: From brain to placenta

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