Variations in Canal Morphology, Shapes, and Positions of Major Foramen in Maxillary and Mandibular Teeth

Abstract

Context and Aim: A plethora of studies have revealed that there is a lack of general consensus in the precise anatomic detailing of the canals and the major foramen in both the maxillary and mandibular teeth while emphasizing the significance of the same for a successful endodontic treatment. The aim of the present study was to determine the variations in canal morphology, shapes, and positions of major foramen in maxillary and mandibular teeth. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 420 extracted human maxillary and mandibular teeth with completely formed apices were included. The specimens were cleaned for surface debris including remnants of periodontal tissue and were stored in saline. Examination of the apices was performed with the help of stereomicroscope for their exact shapes and configurations and precise anatomic location. Comparison of different parameters within the group was done using Chi-square test while P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results of the present study indicated that apical foramen in mandibular teeth showed higher degree of deviation with a prevalence of 70.2% while flat shape of apical foramen was observed only in maxillary teeth. Furthermore, maximum deviation in maxillary teeth was recorded in the canines with a prevalence of 90% while, in mandibular teeth, maximum deviation was recorded with mandibular second premolars with a prevalence of 79.12%. Conclusions: The results of the present study revealed that deviation of apical foramen from the root apex was seen in 68.2% of the specimens. Furthermore, deviation was greater in the mandibular than the maxillary teeth.

Anatomic Characteristics of the Apex of the Tooth Root in Georgian Population Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

“…4 B. Swathika (2021) observed the highest frequency of deviation in upper molars (90%) and lower second premolars (79%). 13 In our case, the highest deviation was detected in the lower molar (100%) and upper second premolar (100%).…”

“…19,20 In the studies of B. Swathika and co-authors (2021) also dominated the round shape of the anatomical foramen -62%. 13 In the same study, B. Swathika described for the first time the flat shape of the anatomical foramen in the maxillary teeth. However, there are different data: in the results of the study of S. Arora and S. Tevar (2009), the oval shape of foramen prevailed (69.9%), 4 The results provided by B.B Marroquin and co-authors (2004) were also dominated by the oval shape of the foramen (71%), 21 as well as in the study conducted by H. Jeong and co-authors -69.9% (2009).…”

“…[9][10][11][12] The apical third of the roots has been studied by different authors at different times with different methods. 13,14 The obtained data were more or less variable from each other and were authentic only for specific populations. 15 A similar study has not been conducted in Georgia, therefore there is no map of the apical third variations of the tooth canals of the Georgian population.…”