Variations in Oligosaccharides and Lactose in Human Milk During the First Week of Lactation

Glycoproteins of the Human Milk Fat Globule in the Protection of the Breast-Fed Infant against Infections

“…The oligosaccharide concentration is higher during early lactation (62.0 g/dl) and decreases thereafter to about 1.3 g/dl [55][56][57]. Thus, oligosaccharides are quantitatively one of the three main components of human milk in addition to protein and fat.…”

Absolute Quantitation of Human Milk Oligosaccharides Reveals Phenotypic Variations during Lactation

“…Total HMO concentrations were reported to be 20-25 g/L in colostrum and 5-20 g/L in mature milk (14)(15)(16). The wide ranges are the result of biological variations and the lack of specific and sensitive methods for total HMO quantitation (17).…”

“…The wide ranges are the result of biological variations and the lack of specific and sensitive methods for total HMO quantitation (17). Reported methods include chromatographically separating HMOs from lactose and detecting all of the HMOs in one or more fractions using refractive index detection or the phenol-sulfuric acid method (14,16). Because these detection methods provide little structural information, quantitation may be affected greatly by interference from the matrix.…”

Safety evaluation of the human-identical milk monosaccharide, l-fucose

“…The HMO fraction is the third largest constituent of human breast milk after lactose ($70 g/L) and lipids ($38 g/L). Colostrum is reported to contain 20-23 g/L HMOs and mature breast milk is reported to contain 12-15 g/L HMOs (Montreuil and Mullet, 1960;Viverge et al, 1985Viverge et al, , 1990Coppa et al, 1999;Bode, 2006;Thurl et al, 2010). HMOs consist of a highly complex mixture of individual compounds, with more than 200 identified to date , at least 115 of which have been fully elucidated (Bode, 2006;Kobata, 2010).…”