“…Research has established influential factors affecting efficacy perceptions and attitudes in the CP context, including psychological stress (Bandura, 1977;Holden et al, 2014;Straus, 2001), perceived racism (Thomas & Dettlaff, 2011), and religiosity (Wolf & Kepple, 2019). Parents' gender, age, race, education, religious affiliation, and household income, child aggressive behavior, child's gender and age were also found to affect parents' consideration of using CP (Baniamin, 2022;Gagné et al, 2007;Gershoff et al, 2017;Mehlhausen-Hassoen, 2021). Thus, these variables were measured as covariates.…”