Variations in the bacterial community compositions at different sites in the tomb of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty

Abstract

To fully understand the bacterial processes in tomb environments, it is necessary to investigate the details of the bacterial communities present under such oligotrophic conditions. Here, high-throughput sequencing based on partial 16S rRNA gene sequences was used to fully evaluate the bacterial communities at different sites in the tomb of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty. We also aimed to identify the soil factors that were significant related to bacterial diversity and community composition. The results showed the presence of a broad taxonomic diversity that included nine major phyla. Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria dominated the bacterial profiles in all tomb soil samples. However, significant differences between deposited soils (DS) and covering soils (CSA, CSB and CSC) were revealed by chemistry-based principal component analysis (PCA), the number of OTUs, and the Chao 1 and Shannon indexes. At the family level, hierarchically clustered heatmap and LefSe analyses showed differences in the bacterial community compositions at different sampling sites. Notably, CSA contained significant populations of Nocardioidaceae, Pseudonocardiaceae and Streptomycetaceae, which are often reported to be associated with biodeterioration in cave environments. Further, the most abundant group (>10%) in all soil samples was Streptococcaceae, whose abundance decreased from 34.66% to 13.43% with increasing soil depth. The results of redundancy analysis (RDA) and the Monte Carlo permutation test indicated that soil pH and Cu and Mn levels were significantly related to the bacterial communities in this tomb. This research offers new insight into bacterial communities in cave environments and also provides important information for the protection of this historically important tomb.

Soil Microbial Network Complexity Varies With pH as a Continuum, Not a Threshold, Across the North China Plain

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Application of a Medical Diode Laser (810 nm) for Disinfecting Small Microbiologically Contaminated Spots on Degraded Collagenous Materials for Improved Biosafety in Objects of Exceptional Historical Value From the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum and Protection of Human Health

“…NGS sequencing is one of the most commonly utilized methods that is not based on cultivation to study microorganisms involved in biodeterioration of historical buildings (Adamiak et al, 2017; FTIR analyses: A I -amide I; A II -amide II; νA I -position of A I main peak; νA II -position of A II main peak; ν-distance between positions of A I and A II ; IA I /A II -intensity ratio between A I and A II bands; XPS analyses: C:O-ratio of the number of carbon atoms to the number of oxygen atoms; C oxid :C unoxid -ratio of the sum of oxidized forms of carbon atoms to the sum of unoxidized (aliphatic and aromatic) forms of carbon (degree of oxidation); O carb :O other -ratio of the sum of carbonyl groups to the sum of other oxygen-containing forms of carbon (surface polarity). Huang et al, 2017;Liu et al, 2017) and book collections (Gutarowska, 2016;Kraková et al, 2018). However, in the case of parchment documents and leather objects, this method was used only by one group of researchers (Migliore et al, 2017(Migliore et al, , 2019Perini et al, 2019).…”

Loss of bacterial genetic diversity together with the increment of eutrophic and phytotoxic risk, the side effect of using raw poultry waste as soil amendment

“…Actinobacteria is one or the dominant phyla in soil, helping to decompose the organic matter of dead organisms and solubilize phosphate and calcium carbonate [47]. Some soil actinobacteria (such as Frankia sp.)…”