Varicella Retinal Vasculopathy: Unilateral Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Despite Acyclovir Therapy Caught Using Optical Coherence Tomography-Angiography (OCTA)

Khatri, Anadi; Timalsena, Satish; Gautam, Sudhir; Kharel, Muna

doi:10.1155/2019/5752180

Cited by 3 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…OCT revealed massive retinal thickening due to edema with disorganized retinal elements [19] optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) confirmed diagnosis of cilioretinal artery occlusion in one case [19]. OCTA revealed loss of capillary plexus in both superficial and deep retinal layers [19]. A diagnosis of retinal artery occlusion was made based on clinical, FFA, OCT and OCTA findings (Fig.…”

Section: Key Pointsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In every case, a thorough vasculitic workup proved negative [12 & ,22]. Hypercoagulable, antiphospholipid and homocysteine levels were in the normal range [18 & , 19,21,22,25]. Blood parameters and cardiovascular and serological reports were also normal [19,21,22,25].…”

Section: Key Pointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On examination the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the affected eye ranges from 20/40 to no light perception (LP). Relative afferent pupillary defects (RAPD) have been positive in three cases [19,22,26].…”

Section: Key Pointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intravenous methylprednisolone [12 & ,18 & , [19][20][21][22] with conversion to oral steroids or beginning with oral prednisone alone with a taper can be used to mitigate any robust host immune response. However, steroid use remains controversial due to the lack of proper controlled studies.…”

Section: Key Pointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Retinal vasculopathy following varicella zoster virus infection

Sutra

Pokawattana

2022

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology

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Purpose of reviewVaricella zoster virus (VZV) ocular infection can manifest purely as a vasculopathy that leads to retinal arteriole occlusion, without any retinitis or vasculitis. This review summarizes our current knowledge of such VZV ocular infection phenotype, incorporating initial descriptions from 1988. We describe the pathogenesis and VZV's manifestations in the retina using fundus photography, fundus fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Laboratory investigations, diagnostic procedures, prognoses, and treatment options are also being reviewed.Recent findingsTen case reports where VZV retinal vasculopathy was the primary feature observed after varicella or zoster rash are described. The retinal arteriole, cilioretinal artery, branches of retinal artery, central retinal artery and ophthalmic artery were found to be areas of more rarely affected, neither in the form of vasculitis nor retinitis. Diagnosis is typically made from positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for VZV from extracted intraocular fluid or positive serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) anti-VZV immunoglobulin G antibody in the context of compatible ocular findings. In addition, retinal vasculopathy occurring in the setting of confirmed varicella or zoster rashes could be considered potentially pathognomonic. Pathological concepts, including direct VZV infection of affected tissue, persistent inflammation, and/or virus-induced hypercoagulability are also discussed.SummaryVZV may produce a wide spectrum of ocular manifestations with isolated VZV retinal vasculopathy being a rarer presentation. A prompt diagnosis followed by an early treatment of systemic acyclovir with or without corticosteroids is the mainstay of treatment.

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Section: Key Pointsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Key Pointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Key Pointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Key Pointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Retinal vasculopathy following varicella zoster virus infection

Sutra

Pokawattana

2022

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology

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“…A study of OCTA in a patient with varicella retinal vasculopathy showed loss of capillary plexus in both SCP and DCP 24 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) of retinal vasculature in patients with post fever retinitis: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

Sanjay

Gadde

Agrawal

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Post fever retinitis is a heterogenous entity that is seen 2–4 weeks after a systemic febrile illness in an immunocompetent individual. It may occur following bacterial, viruses, or protozoal infection. Optical coherence angiography (OCTA) is a newer non-invasive modality that is an alternative to fundus fluorescein angiography to image the retinal microvasculature. We hereby describe the vascular changes during the acute phase of post fever retinitis on OCTA. Imaging on OCTA was done for all patients with post fever retinitis at presentation with 3 × 3 mm and 8 × 8 mm scans centred on the macula and corresponding enface optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans obtained. A qualitative and quantitative analysis was done for all images. 46 eyes of 33 patients were included in the study. Salient features noted were changes in the superficial (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) with capillary rarefaction and irregularity of larger vessels in the SCP. The DCP had more capillary rarefaction when compared to the SCP. The foveal avascular zone (FAZ) was altered with an irregular perifoveal network. Our series of post fever retinitis describes the salient vascular features on OCTA. Although the presumed aetiology was different in all our patients, they developed similar changes on OCTA. While OCTA is not useful if there is gross macular oedema, the altered FAZ can be indicative of macular ischemia.

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Photocatalytic Degradation Studies of Organic Dyes over Novel Cu/Ni Loaded Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Nanocomposite: Adsorption, Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies

Kanwal,

Shahzadi,

Riaz

et al. 2023

Molecules

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Nowadays, for environmental remediation, photocatalytic process involving graphene-based semiconductors is considered a very promising oxidation process for water treatment. In the present study, nanocomposite (Cu/Ni/rGO) has been synthesized by Dypsis lutescens leaf extract. Characterization of the sample was carried out by UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Different parameters like contact time, nanocatalyst amount, dye concentration, effect of temperature. and pH factor were optimized to examine the maximum removal efficiency for dyes rhodamine B and alizarine R with and without visible light source. In both cases, i.e., with or without light, maximum removal was observed at 20 mg of nanocatalyst for 5 ppm concentration of both dyes at 45 °C temperature and pH 10 for rhodamine B and pH 4 for alizarine R, respectively with a 20 min contact time. Maximum removal of dyes 93% rhodamine B and 91% alizarine R were observed under a tungsten lamp as compared to without a tungsten lamp, i.e., 78% of RhB and 75% of AR from mixture solution of these dyes. To assess the rate of reaction, spontaneity, and nature of reaction thermodynamics, kinetics and adsorption isotherms were studied. Thermodynamic values indicated that both dyes depicted endothermic and spontaneous degradation processes. Isotherm data fitted best to a Freundlich isotherm, while results of kinetic studies of both dyes followed the pseudo 2nd order kinetic equation. In the end, scavenging radical studies concluded that hydroxyl radicals were the main active specie involved in the photocatalytic degradation process, and regeneration experiments resulted that Cu/Ni/rGO nanocomposites were re-utilized for about four times.

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Varicella Retinal Vasculopathy: Unilateral Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Despite Acyclovir Therapy Caught Using Optical Coherence Tomography-Angiography (OCTA)

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

Retinal vasculopathy following varicella zoster virus infection

Retinal vasculopathy following varicella zoster virus infection

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) of retinal vasculature in patients with post fever retinitis: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

Photocatalytic Degradation Studies of Organic Dyes over Novel Cu/Ni Loaded Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Nanocomposite: Adsorption, Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies

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