Varicella Seroprevalence and Molecular Epidemiology of Varicella-Zoster Virus in Argentina, 2002

Dayan, Gustavo H.; Panero, Maria S.; Debbag, Roberto; Urquiza, A.; Molina, Marta; Prieto, Susana; Perego, María del Carmen; Scagliotti, Graciela; Galimberti, Diana; Carroli, Guillermo; Wolff, Cristina D. de; Schmid, Daniela; Loparev, Vladimir N.; Güriş, Dalya; Seward, Jane F.

doi:10.1128/jcm.42.12.5698-5704.2004

Cited by 30 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Twenty-two of 31 isolates (71%) were E genotype; the remaining 9 isolates were of various M genotypes, 3 of which were collected from patients who experienced their primary varicella infection while living in a climate where M strains predominate. A restriction fragment length polymorphism-based method modified for use with fluorescent probes showed all 22 E isolates from France and Spain had a PstI ϩ BglI Ϫ profile similar to strains circulating in North America and Argentina (8,12). Using HMA (18), the results were identical for all of the targeted SNP; all 22 E isolates were C genotype using this approach.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

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Toward Universal Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Genotyping: Diversity of VZV Strains from France and Spain

et al. 2007

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Thirty-one isolates from France and Spain were genotyped using a published method analyzing DNA sequence variation in open reading frame (ORF) 22, together with an evaluation of three well-characterized single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in ORF 38, 54, and 62. Nineteen were allocated to the European (E) genotype, six were mosaic-1 (M1), and two were mosaic-2 (M2). Four strains were assigned to a new genotype, mosaic-4 (M4). All isolates were wild type, with no Oka vaccine-associated markers. No isolates of the mosaic-3 (M3) or Japanese (J) genotype were observed. We also evaluated 13 selected isolates of E, J, M1, and M2 strains (9 of the 31 described above) using an alternative genotyping method based on the assessment of multiple SNP located in ORF 1, 9, 10, 21, 31, 50, 54, 62, and 68. This method assigns wild-type varicella-zoster virus (VZV) strains to seven genotypes: A1, A2, J1, B1, B2, C, and C1. VZV isolates identified as E (ORF22 method) had the genetic signature of genotype C VZV strains, M1 strains were A1, and M2 were A2. No J strains were detected, but parental Oka and vaccine Oka (genotype J) corresponded to genotype J1. M4 isolates (B) share the SNP array observed for M1 and E viruses, and probably represent recombinants between African-Asian (M1) and European (E) viruses. The two genotyping methods, using entirely different genomic targets, produced identical clusters for the strains examined, suggesting robust phylogenetic linkages among VZV strains circulating in Europe.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…Vaccine SNP in ORF 38 (PstI) and ORF 54 (BglI) were also evaluated using the same technology (8,16).…”

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confidence: 99%

Toward Universal Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Genotyping: Diversity of VZV Strains from France and Spain

et al. 2007

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“…Using ORF22-based sequencing as a foundation for the expanded technique made sense, since the protocol has successfully discriminated most of the major circulating genotypes on nearly 1,000 clinical isolates obtained from countries on every inhabited continent (6,18,30; also additional unreported observations). The approach was practical, parsimonious, and able to yield results from the limited amount of DNA typically recovered from clinical specimens, usually nonviable material collected as vesicular swabs or scabs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Five Major and Two Minor Genotypes of Varicella-Zoster Virus Strains: a Practical Two-Amplicon Approach Used To Genotype Clinical Isolates in Australia and New Zealand

Loparev

Rubtcova

Boštíková

et al. 2007

J Virol

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Whole genome phylogenetic analysis in this study resolved a total of five major genotypes among the 22 varicella-zoster virus (VZV) strains or isolates for which complete genomic sequences are available. Consistent with earlier publications we have designated these genotypes European 1 (E1), European 2 (E2), Japanese (J), mosaic 1 (M1), and mosaic 2 (M2). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis performed in a whole-genome alignment revealed that VZV isolates of all five genotypes can be accurately genotyped using SNPs from two amplicons: open reading frame 22 (ORF22) and either ORF21 or ORF50. This modified approach identifies all of the genotypes observed using any of the published genotyping protocols. Of 165 clinical varicella and zoster isolates from Australia and New Zealand typed using this approach, 67 of 127 eastern Australian isolates were E1, 30 were E2, 16 were J, 10 were M1, and 4 were M2; 25 of 38 New Zealand isolates were E1, 8 were E2, and 5 were M1. VZV strain diversity in eastern Australia is thus broader than has been described for any other region, including Europe, Africa, and North America. J strains were far more prevalent than previously observed in countries other than Japan. Two-amplicon typing was in complete accord with genotypes derived using SNP in multiple ORFs (ORFs 1, 21, 22, 38, 50, 54, and 62). Two additional minor genotypes, M3 and M4, could also be resolved using two-amplicon typing.Varicella (chickenpox) results from primary infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which characteristically occurs early in life and usually follows a benign course (1). A lifelong latent infection is established on first exposure and can reactivate, typically after age 50, to cause zoster (shingles). VZV can be transmitted to susceptible persons from either disease condition, although zoster carries a significantly lower risk of transmission. Transmission from zoster can reintroduce strains that were circulating decades earlier and, as such, likely contributes to the genetic stability of VZV. The epidemiology of VZV infection varies geographically. Varicella displays a marked seasonality (peaking in late winter or spring) in temperate climates, and infection is nearly ubiquitous by age 20. For reasons that remain unclear, seasonality does not occur in tropical countries, and a larger proportion of people enter adulthood uninfected by VZV (14, 15). In addition, several studies have demonstrated a distinctive geographic distribution of the major VZV genotypes aligning with cool versus warm global climates (2,18,28). It is unclear whether the strain distribution is actually driven primarily by climate or by other factors, such as immigration patterns.A number of methods have been reported for identifying and genotyping VZV strains (4,18,21). Early VZV typing efforts relied on DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, an approach that first demonstrated the high degree of sequence conservation among VZV strains. Nevertheless, some intrastrain variation among wild-type i...

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“…Varicella vaccine use in Finland is currently limited to children with recognized immunosuppression due to leukemia, bone marrow transplant, et cetera. The seroprevalence rate for VZV varies among different populations, and lower prevalence rates have generally been observed in tropical versus temperate climates (9,21,26,27). Over the past 25 years, there has been an evident increase in VZV seroprevalence among children 1 to 4 years of age in the United Kingdom (21).…”

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Genotypic Analysis of Varicella-Zoster Virus and Its Seroprevalence in Finland

Koskiniemi

Lappalainen

Schmid

et al. 2007

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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We evaluated the seroprevalence of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in the Finnish population among various age groups and genetically characterized VZV strains from documented cases of varicella and zoster. VZV-specific immunoglobulin G was measured in 2,842 serum samples that had been submitted for virological studies to the Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, from 1995 to 1996. Specimens for VZV genotyping were obtained from vesicular lesions from two pediatric patients and 26 adult patients. Seroprevalence to VZV varied markedly by age: 45% in children aged <2 months, 12.5% in children aged 6 to 8 months, and >90% in children near 10 years of age, plateauing thereafter into advanced age. The seroprevalence rates indicate that in Finland, as in other countries with temperate climates, primary VZV infection usually occurs during the first decade of life. Twenty-eight VZV DNA-positive specimens were analyzed to identify VZV vaccine and wild-type genotypes. All analyzed specimens were wild type and the European (E) genotype.Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a common, globally distributed virus that causes chickenpox upon primary infection; it is normally associated with a generalized vesicular rash but may rarely occur without obvious dermal lesions. VZV establishes lifelong latency upon first infection and can reactivate, usually in the elderly, to cause shingles (herpes zoster) (2,12,13,15,34). Patient age is often related to disease severity, with the greatest risk occurring among the very young and very old; immunocompromised persons are also at elevated risk for severe disease (7,11,14). Varicella vaccine use in Finland is currently limited to children with recognized immunosuppression due to leukemia, bone marrow transplant, et cetera. The seroprevalence rate for VZV varies among different populations, and lower prevalence rates have generally been observed in tropical versus temperate climates (9,21,26,27). Over the past 25 years, there has been an evident increase in VZV seroprevalence among children 1 to 4 years of age in the United Kingdom (21). In Finland, VZV has become the agent most frequently associated with central nervous system infections, particularly encephalitis, for all age groups (18,22). Currently, several methods are being used to identify and genotype VZV strains. A variety of methods have been explored for genotyping VZV both to discern strain variation and to discriminate vaccine strains from wild-type isolates (3,4,6,8,10,16,18,23,24,31,36).We developed a novel strategy for VZV genotyping based on the complete sequencing of a short region in open reading frame 22 (ORF22) using material obtained directly from clinical samples (29). By sequencing a collection of 321 contemporary VZV isolates representing multiple countries and six continents, we sorted strains into three discrete geographically associated genotypes: E (European), J (Japanese), and M (mosaic). M strains were dominant in tropical latitudes, and J and E VZV isolates prevail in temperate climate latitudes (29). Genot...

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Varicella Seroprevalence and Molecular Epidemiology of Varicella-Zoster Virus in Argentina, 2002

Cited by 30 publications

References 33 publications

Toward Universal Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Genotyping: Diversity of VZV Strains from France and Spain

Toward Universal Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Genotyping: Diversity of VZV Strains from France and Spain

Identification of Five Major and Two Minor Genotypes of Varicella-Zoster Virus Strains: a Practical Two-Amplicon Approach Used To Genotype Clinical Isolates in Australia and New Zealand

Genotypic Analysis of Varicella-Zoster Virus and Its Seroprevalence in Finland

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