Various Allotropes of Diamond Nanoparticles Generated in the Gas Phase during Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition

Kim, Hwan-Young; Kim, Da-Seul; Kim, Kun-Su; Hwang, Nong M.

doi:10.3390/nano10122504

“…From a measurement of more than 25 nanoparticles, the observed relative fractions of 2.06 Å, 2.2 Å, and 2.5 Å were 13%, 9%, and 78%, respectively. Kim et al [37] analyzed the crystal structure of captured nanoparticles, which were generated in HFCVD. Various crystal structures of carbon allotropes, including cubic diamond, n-diamond, hexagonal diamond, and i-carbon, were identified.…”

Section: Comparing the Captured Nanoparticles And The Diamond Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We analyzed that d-spacings of 2.06 Å, 2.2 Å, and 2.5 Å were related to various carbon allotropes, such as a cubic diamond, n-diamond, hexagonal diamond, and i-carbon. [37][38][39][40]. Vora et al [40] analyzed the i-carbon film, which contained an unknown cubic phase of a lattice parameter of 4.25 Å.…”

Section: Comparing the Captured Nanoparticles And The Diamond Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unusual Dependence of the Diamond Growth Rate on the Methane Concentration in the Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition Process

Song

¹

,

Kim

²

,

Kim

³

et al. 2021

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Although the growth rate of diamond increased with increasing methane concentration at the filament temperature of 2100 °C during a hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD), it decreased with increasing methane concentration from 1% CH4 –99% H2 to 3% CH4 –97% H2 at 1900 °C. We investigated this unusual dependence of the growth rate on the methane concentration, which might give insight into the growth mechanism of a diamond. One possibility would be that the high methane concentration increases the non-diamond phase, which is then etched faster by atomic hydrogen, resulting in a decrease in the growth rate with increasing methane concentration. At 3% CH4 –97% H2, the graphite was coated on the hot filament both at 1900 °C and 2100 °C. The graphite coating on the filament decreased the number of electrons emitted from the hot filament. The electron emission at 3% CH4 –97% H2 was 13 times less than that at 1% CH4 –99% H2 at the filament temperature of 1900 °C. The lower number of electrons at 3% CH4 –97% H2 was attributed to the formation of the non-diamond phase, which etched faster than diamond, resulting in a lower growth rate.

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“…It is evident that the SAED pattern of the prepared ND has four strong diffraction rings, representing the (111), (220), (311), and (400) planes of diamond (Fig. 2 C) [ 60 ]. The FFT image depicts a single-crystalline n-diamond along the (110) zone axis (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic study on the use of multifunctional nanodiamonds for neuritogenesis and super-resolution imaging

Kim¹,

Kang²,

Jun³

et al. 2023

Biomater Res

4

0

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Background Regeneration of defective neurons in central nervous system is a highlighted issue for neurodegenerative disease treatment. Various tissue engineering approaches have focused on neuritogenesis to achieve the regeneration of damaged neuronal cells because damaged neurons often fail to achieve spontaneous restoration of neonatal neurites. Meanwhile, owing to the demand for a better diagnosis, studies of super-resolution imaging techniques in fluorescence microscopy have triggered the technological development to surpass the classical resolution dictated by the optical diffraction limit for precise observations of neuronal behaviors. Herein, the multifunctional nanodiamonds (NDs) as neuritogenesis promoters and super-resolution imaging probes were studied. Methods To investigate the neuritogenesis-inducing capability of NDs, ND-containing growing medium and differentiation medium were added to the HT-22 hippocampal neuronal cells and incubated for 10 d. In vitro and ex vivo images were visualized through custom-built two-photon microscopy using NDs as imaging probes and the direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) process was performed for the super-resolution reconstruction owing to the photoblinking properties of NDs. Moreover, ex vivo imaging of the mouse brain was performed 24 h after the intravenous injection of NDs. Results NDs were endocytosed by the cells and promoted spontaneous neuritogenesis without any differentiation factors, where NDs exhibited no significant toxicity with their outstanding biocompatibility. The images of ND-endocytosed cells were reconstructed into super-resolution images through dSTORM, thereby addressing the problem of image distortion due to nano-sized particles, including size expansion and the challenge in distinguishing the nearby located particles. Furthermore, the ex vivo images of NDs in mouse brain confirmed that NDs could penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and retain their photoblinking property for dSTORM application. Conclusions It was demonstrated that the NDs are capable of dSTORM super-resolution imaging, neuritogenic facilitation, and BBB penetration, suggesting their remarkable potential in biological applications. Graphical Abstract

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“…It is evident that the SAED pattern of the prepared ND has four strong diffraction rings, representing the (111), ( 220), (311), and (400) planes of diamond (Fig. 2C) [53].…”

Section: Physico-optical Characteristics Of Ndsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional nanodiamonds to enable neuritogenesis and super-resolution imaging

Kim

¹

,

Kang

²

,

Jun

³

et al. 2023

Preprint

0

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Background Regeneration of defective neurons in central nervous system is a highlighted issue for neurodegenerative disease treatment. Various tissue engineering approaches have focused on neuritogenesis to achieve the regeneration of damaged neuronal cells because damaged neurons often fail to achieve spontaneous restoration of neonatal neurites. Meanwhile, owing to the demand for a better diagnosis, studies of super-resolution imaging techniques in fluorescence microscopy have triggered the technological development to surpass the classical resolution dictated by the optical diffraction limit for precise observations of neuronal behaviors. Herein, the multifunctional nanodiamonds (NDs) as neuritogenesis promoters and super-resolution imaging probes were studied. Methods To investigate the neuritogenesis-inducing capability of NDs, ND-containing growing medium and differentiation medium were added to the HT-22 hippocampal neuronal cells and incubated for 10 d. In vitro and ex vivo images were visualized through custom-built two-photon microscopy using NDs as imaging probes and the direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) process was performed for the super-resolution reconstruction owing to the photoblinking properties of NDs. Moreover, ex vivo imaging of the mouse brain was performed 24 h after the intravenous injection of NDs. Results NDs were endocytosed by the cells and promoted spontaneous neuritogenesis without any differentiation factors, where NDs exhibited no significant toxicity with their outstanding biocompatibility. The images of ND-endocytosed cells were reconstructed into super-resolution images through dSTORM, thereby addressing the problem of image distortion due to nano-sized particles, including size expansion and the challenge in distinguishing the nearby located particles. Furthermore, the ex vivo images of NDs in mouse brain confirmed that NDs could penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and retain their photoblinking property for dSTORM application. Conclusions It was demonstrated that the NDs are capable of dSTORM super-resolution imaging, neuritogenic facilitation, and BBB penetration, suggesting their remarkable potential in biological applications.

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Various Allotropes of Diamond Nanoparticles Generated in the Gas Phase during Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition

Cited by 10 publications

References 30 publications

Unusual Dependence of the Diamond Growth Rate on the Methane Concentration in the Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition Process

Unusual Dependence of the Diamond Growth Rate on the Methane Concentration in the Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition Process

A systematic study on the use of multifunctional nanodiamonds for neuritogenesis and super-resolution imaging

Multifunctional nanodiamonds to enable neuritogenesis and super-resolution imaging

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