“…For example, researchers used shorter five-item scales in different cultural contexts including China and Germany (e.g., Effelsberg et al, 2014;Guo et al, 2020;Matherne & Litchfield, 2012;Shu, 2015;Yang et al, 2020). In addition, researchers created survey-based measures to assess UPB that is intended to help other beneficiaries at work, including leaders, supervisors, and groups (Johnson & Umphress, 2019;Lim & Liu, 2017;Mesdaghinia, Rawat, & Nadavulakere, 2019;Rhee, 2019;Thau et al, 2015). Finally, researchers using experience-sampling methods have implemented four-item and three-item survey measures (e.g., "Today, I exaggerated the truth about my company's products or services to customers and clients") based on the Umphress et al (2010) scale to capture respondents' self-reported daily engagement in UPB toward the organization and teammates (Tang et al, 2020(Tang et al, , 2021Umphress et al, 2020).…”