Varying levels of melanotic encapsulation of gordiid hairworm cysts (Nematomorpha) by aquatic insect larvae: seasonal and host effects

Doherty, Jean‐François; Chai, Xuhong; Poulin, Robert

doi:10.1016/j.jip.2019.107258

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The knowledge on the intermediate host range of C. formosanus is still incomplete (Chiu, 2017 ), like that of other hairworms (Hanelt & Janovy Jr., 2003 ). Some hairworm species exhibit low specificity for intermediate hosts (Schmidt‐Rhaesa, 2012 ), but the larvae do not infect all of them with the same intensity (Doherty et al, 2019 ; Hanelt & Janovy Jr., 2003 ). Additionally, the known range of C. formosanus includes the caddisfly Chimarra formosana , stoneflies in the genus Kamimuria and various Chironomidae midges.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the geographical distributions of Chordodes formosanus and its mantis hosts in Taiwan, with considerations for their niche overlaps

Vivo

Huang

2022

Ecology and Evolution

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Species distribution models (SDMs) have conventionally been used for evaluating the distribution of individual species, but they can also be used, through comparing different SDMs, to evaluate the geographic similarity between taxa. In this study, we used a parasite and host system to infer the geographic overlaps between species with tight biological interaction, for example, parasites and their obligate host. Specifically, we used the horsehair worm Chordodes formosanus and its three mantis hosts to study the extent of niche overlap. We retrieved presence points for the host species and the parasite, and then we built SDMs with MaxEnt implemented in ENMeval using selected bioclim variables (based on variance inflation factor values) at 30s scale. The models showed that the hosts and parasite do not occur in the high elevation areas in Taiwan, which is expected based on their biology. Interestingly, the predicted parasite distribution included areas without collection records, implying local extinction or sampling bias. We subsequently evaluated niche overlap between hosts and the parasite according to five similarity indices (Schoener's D , I statistic, relative rank, Pearson correlation coefficient, and the rank correlation coefficient rho). Our models showed a high similarity of SDM predictions between hosts and the parasite. There were differences among metrics for which host shared the highest similarity with the parasite, but the majority of the results indicated that the Japanese boxing mantis had the highest niche similarity with the horsehair worm. The choice of the niche overlap metric to use can uncover information on the parasite's ecology, which can be important for endangered species. SDMs are reliable tools for host and parasite conservation management and could help improve our understanding of parasite biology and ecology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the geographical distributions of Chordodes formosanus and its mantis hosts in Taiwan, with considerations for their niche overlaps

Vivo

Huang

2022

Ecology and Evolution

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“…In the lab, we removed the invertebrates, identified them to family, assigned each family a functional group (Merritt & Cummins, 2006; Table 1), measured their length, and dissected them for cysts of C. morgani (Hanelt et al, 2001), but we did not identify the cysts to genus based on morphology (Szmygiel et al, 2014). We observed melanized cysts in some of the invertebrates but did not quantify melanization as in other studies (Doherty et al, 2019). We distinguished between cyst mean abundance (which included uninfected invertebrates) and cyst mean intensity (which included only infected invertebrates), as defined by Bush et al (1997).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…For example, White (1969) found cysts of P. varius in aquatic insects such as mayflies, caddisflies, and black flies, which all have terrestrial adult stages. Doherty et al (2019) examined 15 different aquatic invertebrate taxa and found cysts of Gordius sp. in 7 of the 12 Insecta taxa.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence that flatheaded mayflies (Heptageniidae) serve as the likely paratenic host for Chordodes morgani (Nematomorpha) in Nebraska

Shea,

Sniezek,

Marchant

2023

Invertebrate Biology

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Hairworms (Nematomorpha) have indirect life cycles that require a terrestrial arthropod definitive host and an aquatic arthropod host that serves as a paratenic host, transferring the hairworm from the aquatic to the terrestrial environment. The life cycles for most hairworms remain unknown, especially the paratenic host. The hairworm Chordodes morgani lays its eggs on sticks, which are susceptible to the activity of aquatic insects such as larvae of the flatheaded mayfly (Heptageniidae), which feed by scraping algae and detritus. To test the likelihood that scrapers serve as the paratenic host for C. morgani, we collected sticks and their accompanying invertebrates from three sites near Lincoln, NE. We noted the presence of eggs of C. morgani on each stick, placed them in labeled resealable bags, and examined the invertebrates microscopically for the presence of hairworm cysts. We predicted that scrapers found on sticks with eggs of C. morgani will harbor the highest number of cysts. To confirm that larvae of the flatheaded mayfly serve as the aquatic host, we fed field‐collected specimens to three captive‐reared wood roaches (Parcoblatta pensylvanica). Of the three exposed roaches, one yielded nine individuals of C. morgani 63 days after exposure. Understanding the life cycle of this horsehair worm will allow researchers to rear the species in the lab, which could become a model for parasite research.

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“…Crystal cells of Drosophila and oenocytoids of other insects also play a role in melanization of the capsule [91,146]. Melanotic encapsulation, for example in chironomids and some mosquitoes, can occur with or apparently without haemocytes, and is always associated with phenoloxidase [166–168]. Threads of material accumulate around a foreign particle within 2–15 min after it enters the haemolymph.…”

Section: Cellular Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Haemocyte‐mediated immunity in insects: Cells, processes and associated components in the fight against pathogens and parasites

et al. 2021

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The host defence of insects includes a combination of cellular and humoral responses. The cellular arm of the insect innate immune system includes mechanisms that are directly mediated by haemocytes (e.g., phagocytosis, nodulation and encapsulation). In addition, melanization accompanying coagulation, clot formation and wound healing, nodulation and encapsulation processes leads to the formation of cytotoxic redox‐cycling melanin precursors and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. However, demarcation between cellular and humoral immune reactions as two distinct categories is not straightforward. This is because many humoral factors affect haemocyte functions and haemocytes themselves are an important source of many humoral molecules. There is also a considerable overlap between cellular and humoral immune functions that span from recognition of foreign intruders to clot formation. Here, we review these immune reactions starting with the cellular mechanisms that limit haemolymph loss and participate in wound healing and clot formation and advancing to cellular functions that are critical in restricting pathogen movement and replication. This information is important because it highlights that insect cellular immunity is controlled by a multilayered system, different components of which are activated by different pathogens or during the different stages of the infection.

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Varying levels of melanotic encapsulation of gordiid hairworm cysts (Nematomorpha) by aquatic insect larvae: seasonal and host effects

Cited by 6 publications

References 34 publications

Modeling the geographical distributions of Chordodes formosanus and its mantis hosts in Taiwan, with considerations for their niche overlaps

Modeling the geographical distributions of Chordodes formosanus and its mantis hosts in Taiwan, with considerations for their niche overlaps

Evidence that flatheaded mayflies (Heptageniidae) serve as the likely paratenic host for Chordodes morgani (Nematomorpha) in Nebraska

Haemocyte‐mediated immunity in insects: Cells, processes and associated components in the fight against pathogens and parasites

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