Vascular access so essential for hemodialysis (HD) has been considered its Achilles heel. 1 Since the description of the Brescia-Cimino radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in 1966, 2 it has been considered the optimal access for HD because it was long-lasting and had generally lower rates of complications and mortality than either arteriovenous grafts (AVGs) or central venous catheters (CVCs). 3,4 This gave rise to the "Fistula First" initiative in 2003 5 that has dominated quality assessment in HD as a central factor in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Five Star ratings and financial reimbursement of HD providers. However, the Fistula First initiative had the unintended consequences of increasing the proportion of CVCs as the percentage of AVG creation markedly decreased from 170 per 1000 patient-years in 2003 to 100 in 2007. 6 Therefore, Fistula First became "Fistula First, Catheter Last" in 2007 7 to modify this effect. But as the end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) population expanded with aging HD patients and those with comorbid conditions, individual assessment of the appropriate access for HD changed the paradigm to "Patient First: ESKD Life-Plan" by the most recent National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines. 3 KDOQI now espouses that "attainment of the 'right access, in the right patient, at the right time, for the right reasons' is a more patient-centered approach to care, where population measures, such as percentage with AVF created or used, or the percentage with hemodialysis CVC, may be unhelpful and counterproductive for patient-centered goals". 3 Attaining a goal of the "right access" has proved elusive mainly because, as depicted by the characteristics desirable for the optimal vascular access shown in Table 1, 3,8,9 the optimal vascular access does not currently exist. Thus, ESKD care providers attempting to offer the right access must weigh the barriers to achieving the most optimal vascular access to suit each of their HD patients individually.