Vascular Effects of Exercise: Endothelial Adaptations Beyond Active Muscle Beds

Padilla, Jaume; Simmons, Grant H.; Bender, Shawn B.; Arce‐Esquivel, Arturo A.; Whyte, Jeffrey J.; Laughlin, M. Harold

doi:10.1152/physiol.00052.2010

Cited by 191 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 209 publications

(367 reference statements)

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“…48 Existing evidence also suggests that physical activity exerts a protective effect on cognitive function. 49 The mechanisms underlying the protective effects of exercise in the cerebral circulation and neuronal tissue are largely unknown.…”

Section: Effects Of Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exercise-induced increase in the shear stress imposed on the endothelium by circulating blood is a well-established stimulus responsible for the upregulation of eNOS and increased local production of NO. 48 Despite strong autoregulation designed to maintain constant blood flow in the brain during changes in arterial blood pressure, existing evidence indicates that blood flow is increased in some regions of the brain during physical activity. 48 Indeed, increased blood flow in the motor and sensory cortex, as well as the cerebellum, is the result of an exerciseinduced increase in neuronal activity and subsequent vasodilatation caused by neurovascular coupling.…”

Section: Effects Of Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…48 Despite strong autoregulation designed to maintain constant blood flow in the brain during changes in arterial blood pressure, existing evidence indicates that blood flow is increased in some regions of the brain during physical activity. 48 Indeed, increased blood flow in the motor and sensory cortex, as well as the cerebellum, is the result of an exerciseinduced increase in neuronal activity and subsequent vasodilatation caused by neurovascular coupling. In this regard, highly relevant prior studies established that habitual physical training increases resting cerebral blood flow in healthy human subjects.…”

Section: Effects Of Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neurovascular Protective Function of Endothelial Nitric Oxide　– Recent Advances –

Katušić

Austin

2016

Circ J

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Circulation Journal Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society http://www. j-circ.or.jp initiates a cascade of events leading to inflammation, development of tau pathology, synaptic dysfunction, neuronal death, and impairment of cognitive function. 8-10 Microglia, the phagocytic cells of the central nervous system, play an important role in the inflammatory response, but the exact contribution of these cells to the pathogenesis of AD is incompletely understood. 11 Recognition of the fact that chronic exposure to cardiovascular risk factors (including aging) increases the risk for development of AD implies that altered vascular function might increase brain vulnerability to AD pathology, thereby accelerating and/or exacerbating cognitive decline. 4,12 To define the molecular mechanisms underlying the link between vascular dysfunction and the development of AD pathology, we focused on endothelial NO because it is one of the first molecular targets negatively affected by the oxidative stress and inflammation induced by cardiovascular risk factors. Recent progress in this area of research will be highlighted in this review. Endothelial NO and Metabolism of APPIn the central nervous system, the metabolism of APP has been extensively studied during the past 3 decades. 13,14 This he production and release of nitric oxide (NO) from endothelial cells are considered fundamental regulatory mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of optimal cerebral blood flow. 1 NO deficiency promotes vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and white blood cell adhesion to the endothelium. 2 Genetic inactivation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) causes hypertension, promotes the development of atherosclerosis and in the cerebral circulation increases vulnerability to stroke. 3 Prior studies established that in cerebrovascular endothelium aging reduced the basal and stimulated production of NO, increased the chemical inactivation of NO by superoxide anion and accelerated the degradation of vascular cyclic GMP, thereby inhibiting the vasoprotective effects of endothelial NO. 4,5 Aging is considered a major unmodifiable risk factor for cerebrovascular disease, in part because it significantly impairs the homeostatic function of endothelial NO. More recent findings increasingly support the concept that in the aging brain, endothelial NO participates in the control of 2 major mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD); namely, metabolism of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and functional properties of the microglia. In the central nervous system endothelial nitric oxide (NO) is an essential molecule responsible for the preservation of the functional integrity of the neurovascular unit. NO causes vasodilatation and is an important inhibitor of platelet aggregation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and white blood cell adhesion. In addition, endothelium-derived NO exerts anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects. More recently, it has been recognized that endothelial N...

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Section: Effects Of Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neurovascular Protective Function of Endothelial Nitric Oxide　– Recent Advances –

Katušić

Austin

2016

Circ J

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“…16 It is possible that the protocol used in this study, in terms of intensity or muscle mass, did not reach a threshold for hemodynamic forces and/or circulating factors that would result in a hyperemic response in leg muscles. Although a more intense ACE protocol could have increased blood perfusion of VL in SCI, the adherence to such an intensive exercise program would have been uncertain.…”

Section: Muscle Perfusion During Arm Exercisementioning

confidence: 96%

“…Indeed, animal studies have shown that exercise training induces vascular adaptations in skeletal muscles even without elevations in blood flow or metabolism. 16 Additionally, following one-limb training, capillary growth 4 and increased resting blood flow 20 was observed in the passively moved 4 and in the untrained limb. 4,20 This is the first study that monitored blood perfusion of back muscles in SCI during ACE.…”

Section: Muscle Perfusion During Arm Exercisementioning

confidence: 98%

Muscle perfusion of posterior trunk and lower-limb muscles at rest and during upper-limb exercise in spinal cord-injured and able-bodied individuals

et al. 2012

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Study design: Nonrandomized-controlled trial. Objectives: To assess muscle perfusion at rest and during arm-cranking exercise (ACE) in upper and lower posterior trunk and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) and controls (C). Setting: Exercise Physiology-Biochemistry Laboratory. Methods: Eight SCI with thoracic lesion and eight C received injections of radioactive tracer to trapezius (TRAP), latissimus dorsi (LAT) and VL. Radioactive counts were recorded with a g-camera for 10 min at rest and during ACE (60% VO 2max for 20 min). Timecount curves were generated and the isotope clearance rate, expressed as half-life time (T 1/2 ,min), was calculated to assess muscle perfusion. Results: Resting T 1/2 was lower in TRAP and LAT vs VL (Po0.05) in SCI, however, there were no differences among muscles in C. Arm-cranking increased (Po0.001) the isotope clearance in TRAP and LAT in SCI and C, whereas no effect was found on T 1/2 in VL in both groups. T 1/2 was longer (Po0.05) in SCI vs C in VL at rest and during ACE, whereas there were no differences between groups in posterior trunk muscles. Conclusions: Resting muscle perfusion was reduced in the paralyzed limbs of SCI compared with C, whereas there was no evidence of impaired microcirculation in upper and lower back muscles in SCI. Although ACE did not induce a hyperemic response in VL, it increased hyperemia in upper and lower posterior trunk muscles in SCI, suggesting beneficial effects of this type of activity on muscle microvasculature in this region.

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Physical activity level and stroke risk in US population: A matched case–control study of 102,578 individuals

Ghozy

Zayan

El‐Qushayri

et al. 2022

Ann Clin Transl Neurol

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Background: Stroke has been linked to a lack of physical activity; however, the extent of the association between inactive lifestyles and stroke risk has yet to be characterized across large populations. Purpose: This study aimed to explore the association between activity-related behaviors and stroke incidence. Methods: Data from 1999 to 2018 waves of the concurrent cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were extracted. We analyzed participants characteristics and outcomes for all participants with data on whether they had a stroke or not and assessed how different forms of physical activity affect the incidence of disease. Results: Of the 102,578 individuals included, 3851 had a history of stroke. A range of activity-related behaviors was protective against stroke, including engaging in moderate-intensity work over the last 30 days (OR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.7-0.9; P = 0.001) and vigorousintensity work activities over the last 30 days (OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.5-0.8; P < 0.001), and muscle-strengthening exercises (OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.5-0.8; P < 0.001). Conversely, more than 4 h of daily TV, video, or computer use was positively associated with the likelihood of stroke (OR = 11.7, 95% CI = 2.1-219.2; P = 0.022). Conclusion: Different types, frequencies, and intensities of physical activity were associated with reduced stroke incidence, implying that there is an option for everyone. Daily or every other day activities are more critical in reducing stroke than reducing sedentary behavior duration.

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Vascular Effects of Exercise: Endothelial Adaptations Beyond Active Muscle Beds

Cited by 191 publications

References 209 publications

Neurovascular Protective Function of Endothelial Nitric Oxide　– Recent Advances –

Neurovascular Protective Function of Endothelial Nitric Oxide　– Recent Advances –

Muscle perfusion of posterior trunk and lower-limb muscles at rest and during upper-limb exercise in spinal cord-injured and able-bodied individuals

Physical activity level and stroke risk in US population: A matched case–control study of 102,578 individuals

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Vascular Effects of Exercise: Endothelial Adaptations Beyond Active Muscle Beds

Cited by 191 publications

References 209 publications

Neurovascular Protective Function of Endothelial Nitric Oxide – Recent Advances –

Neurovascular Protective Function of Endothelial Nitric Oxide – Recent Advances –

Muscle perfusion of posterior trunk and lower-limb muscles at rest and during upper-limb exercise in spinal cord-injured and able-bodied individuals

Physical activity level and stroke risk in US population: A matched case–control study of 102,578 individuals

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Neurovascular Protective Function of Endothelial Nitric Oxide　– Recent Advances –

Neurovascular Protective Function of Endothelial Nitric Oxide　– Recent Advances –