Vascular endothelial growth factor-stimulated cerebral microvascular endothelial cells mediate the recruitment of neural stem cells to the neurovascular niche

Intranasal Delivery of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells: A Noninvasive Passage to Target Intracerebral Glioma

“…Our analysis of NSPC distribution over time revealed two major migration routes involved in the tumor tropism of NSPCs after intranasal delivery in an The fact that a significant number of NSPCs reached the intracerebral tumor site already within 6 hours after intranasal delivery points toward an additional migration route. The early detection of NSPCs in the spleen indicates that NSPCs distribute systemically via the highly vascularized nasal mucosa and could potentially achieve peri-and intratumoral entrance by the tumor-associated angiogenic microvasculature [24]. Another possibility of early NSPC accumulation at the tumor site is the migration through the lamina cribosa via perivascular and perineural channels with access to the CSF.…”

“…Our results demonstrate that the effect of entering the intracerebral compartment after intranasal delivery was tumorinduced since no NSPCs were identified in the brains of control animals without intracerebral glioma. It is likely that guidance signals, such as chemotactic factors, released by the tumor itself and the adjacent reactive brain parenchyma are responsible for the rapid and targeted tumor tropism of NSPCs from the nasal mucosa [19,24]. The brain parenchyma is known to be partially cleared from molecules, interstitial fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by drainage via perivascular spaces and nerve fibers connecting the CNS and the nasal mucosa [25,26], therefore potentially providing intranasally applied cells with the necessary guidance signals from a neuropathology such as a brain tumor.…”

Sonic hedgehog mediates a novel pathway of PDGF-BB–dependent vessel maturation

“…[4][5][6][7] It is secreted by ECs upon angiogenic stimulation 8,9 or hypoxia. 10 It is a potent chemotactic and growth factor for both vascular SMCs and pericytes expressing PDGF receptor b (PDGFR-b).…”

Control of RNA polymerases I and III by the TOR signaling pathway

“…Furthermore not having to use exogenous cells or transgenes will fast track this technology through clinical trials. 12,13 The investigation of sex steroids as inducers of trans-differentiation of smooth muscle cells associated with the vasculature into neural cells is novel and introduces an alternative method of regenerative medicine. Smooth muscle cells are abundant throughout the vasculature and stimulation of these endogenous cells to produce neurons or neural stem cells in an area of neural damage could lead to repair and the return of function without the requirement for cell transplantation.…”