Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF): role in pathological processes
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Cited by 5 publications
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Molecular signaling of key neurotrophic factors in the brain while the occurrence of affective disorders
The COVID-19 pandemic and the increasingly tense political situation worldwide have led to an increase in the incidence of mood disorders. The occurrence of affective disorders is usually associated with neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine; however, modern trends aim at studying the involvement of neurotrophic factors in the mechanisms of mood disorders. This review aimed to summarize and systematize knowledge about key neurotrophic factors and the molecular mechanisms of their relationships. The key metabolic mechanisms of proteins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, basic fibroblast growth factor-2, nerve growth factor, and glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor are considered. Molecular pathways were analyzed, and a complex diagram of a multiple cascade with interconnected reactions was compiled, including each factor. Key molecular targets chosen included nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-kB) and cAMP response element-binding protein. The review also presented candidates for the role of limiting factors for these molecular targets. For the NF-kB cascade, neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR) was proposed as a limiting factor, and those for the CREB cascade were intracellular phospholipase C (PLC-γ), binary molecular switches (RAS-GTP), and protein kinase B (AKT).
Molecular signaling of key neurotrophic factors in the brain while the occurrence of affective disorders
The COVID-19 pandemic and the increasingly tense political situation worldwide have led to an increase in the incidence of mood disorders. The occurrence of affective disorders is usually associated with neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine; however, modern trends aim at studying the involvement of neurotrophic factors in the mechanisms of mood disorders. This review aimed to summarize and systematize knowledge about key neurotrophic factors and the molecular mechanisms of their relationships. The key metabolic mechanisms of proteins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, basic fibroblast growth factor-2, nerve growth factor, and glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor are considered. Molecular pathways were analyzed, and a complex diagram of a multiple cascade with interconnected reactions was compiled, including each factor. Key molecular targets chosen included nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-kB) and cAMP response element-binding protein. The review also presented candidates for the role of limiting factors for these molecular targets. For the NF-kB cascade, neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR) was proposed as a limiting factor, and those for the CREB cascade were intracellular phospholipase C (PLC-γ), binary molecular switches (RAS-GTP), and protein kinase B (AKT).
Impaired microcirculation due to endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19 is considered to be the most important link in the pathogenesis of this disease. However, due to the complexity of its instrumental assessment in critically ill patients, the data available in the literature on specific manifestations of endothelial dysfunction are very contradictory.The objective: to determine the most characteristic capillaroscopic signs of microvascular disorders and to assess the state of microcirculation regulation in patients with severe COVID-19.Subjects and Methods. When admitted to the intensive care unit, 60 patients with COVID-19 and 12 patients with chronic cardiovascular pathology without COVID-19 (Comparison Group) were examined. All patients underwent microscopy of the microcirculatory bed of finger nail bed; the following parameters were assessed: diameters of the venous, arterial and transitional parts of capillaries, height of capillary loops, density of capillaries per 1 mm of the length of the perivascular zone, the average linear velocity of capillary blood flow (LVCBF), and thickness of the perivascular zone. The presence of avascular zones, the number of capillaries in the visualized field with circulating aggregates in the lumen, and the shape of capillaries were taken into account. In addition, an occlusion test using laser Doppler flowmetry was performed in 32 patients with COVID-19. The maximum post-occlusive increase in blood flow at the moment of cuff deflation was assessed, as well as changes in the mean value of post-occlusive blood flow relative to the baseline within 3 minutes after cuff deflation.Results. In 53 (88.3%) patients with COVID-19, abnormalities corresponding to chronic microcirculatory changes in the form of predominance of pathological capillary forms were detected. Microaggregates in the lumen of capillaries and decreased linear velocity of blood flow were revealed in 100% of cases. When comparing groups of patients with different outcomes, statistically significant differences were revealed between the LVCBF parameters (in the survivors - 354.35 ± 44.78 pm/sec, in the deceased - 278.4 ± 26.59 pm/sec), as well as between the values of the perivascular zones thickness (95.35 ± 15.96 microns versus 159.93 ± 19.90 microns). The results of the post-occlusion test revealed a significant difference between the groups in terms of the maximum post-occlusion gain (39.42 ± 3.85 BPU in the group with a favorable outcome, 27.69 ± 3.19 BPU in the group with an unfavorable outcome, 47.23 ± 1.78 BPU in the control group). In both groups, there was no increase in this parameter relative to the initial blood flow. At the same time, in the control group, the average index of post-occlusive blood flow was higher than the initial level.Conclusions. Acute microcirculation disorders with decreased linear velocity of capillary blood flow, circulation of aggregates, increased thickness of the perivascular zone were detected in all patients with severe COVID-19 but especially in those with unfavorable outcomes. Vascular tone regulation disorders were manifested by the absence of reactive hyperemia in response to acute ischemia, as well as a decrease in maximal flow-induced increase. These changes fit into the concept of endothelial dysfunction. Signs of chronic microcirculation disorders in most patients increase the risk of severe COVID-19.
Therapeutic Aspects of Lipofilling, Abdominoplasty in Combination with Body Liposuction and Bariatric Surgery
This review article is dedicated to the therapeutic aspects of various plastic surgery procedures. Nowadays, improving appearance and quality of life through plastic surgery is becoming increasingly popular. Managing patients after lipofilling and abdominoplasty combined with liposuction is an interdisciplinary challenge. Intraoperative risks in plastic surgery are associated with anesthesia and comorbidities. The immediate response of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to the administration of anesthetic agents and the anesthesiologist's qualifications determines the immediate success of the operations. The duration of the surgery, volumetric disturbances, reduction of body surface area, and changes in metabolic and immunological status after mechanical impact on adipose tissue significantly alter the rate of compensatory-adaptive reactions of the body. In the long-term period after lipofilling, abdominoplasty, liposuction, and augmentation mammoplasty, systemic complications are often observed. These include insomnia, chronic kidney disease, protein-energy malnutrition, arthropathies, nonspecific interstitial lung lesions, unverified hepatitis, lupus-like syndrome, antibodies to transplanted fats and silicone materials, idiopathic limb edema, as well as autoinflammatory syndromes. The presented work also provides data on propofol infusion syndrome and the clinical-prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor in plastic surgery. The authors’ team also presents their own clinical data on obesity and associated diseases. To maintain the aesthetic effect and prevent long-term complications after lipofilling, liposuction, augmentation mammoplasty, blepharoplasty, and rhinoplasty, it is recommended to follow a hypoallergenic and low-calorie diet for the next 3-6 months, avoid night work, excessive physical exertion, simultaneous intake of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs, sun exposure, trips to mountainous areas, and long flights.
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