Vascularized organ bioprinting: From strategy to paradigm

Abstract

Over the past two decades, 3D bioprinting has become a popular research topic worldwide, as it is the most promising approach for manufacturing vascularized organs in vitro. However, transitioning from bioprinting of simple tissue models to real biomedical applications is still a challenge due to incomplete interdisciplinary theoretical knowledge and imperfect multi-technology integration. This review examines the goals of vasculature manufacturing and proposes new strategic objectives in three stages. We then outline a bidirectional manufacturing strategy consisting of top-down reconstruction (bioprinting) and bottom-up regeneration (cellular behaviour). We also provide an in-depth analysis of the four aspects of design, ink, printing and culture. Furthermore, we present the 'construction-comprehension cycle' research paradigm and the 'math-model-based batch insights generator' research paradigm for the future, which may have the potential to revolutionize the biomedical field.

In Situ Bioprinting: Process, Bioinks, and Applications

“…Ensuring that the printed tissue develops the necessary functionality, mechanical strength, and vascularization remains a formidable challenge. 161 This challenge underscores the need for a holistic understanding of the complex microenvironments in which in situ bioprinting operates. Real-time monitoring and control during the bioprinting process are critical for optimizing outcomes, demanding adaptive techniques due to the dynamic nature of biological systems.…”

“…While in situ bioprinting allows the immediate placement of cells and biomaterials, achieving full tissue maturation in a timely manner proves complex. Ensuring that the printed tissue develops the necessary functionality, mechanical strength, and vascularization remains a formidable challenge . This challenge underscores the need for a holistic understanding of the complex microenvironments in which in situ bioprinting operates.…”

High-precision 3D printing of multi-branch vascular scaffold with plasticized PLCL thermoplastic elastomer

“…Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary research field that aims to integrate manufacturing science and life science technology, construct tissue scaffolds with certain structural and functional properties in vitro, and accurately repair damaged areas through surgical transplantation [1,2]. The development of threedimensional (3D) printing technology has made it possible to construct complex organ-like structures and vascular network structures [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Printing in a suspension bath can overcome the gravity effect of low-viscosity elastomers, effectively fix the position of the printing material, and construct a high-precision heart structure [12,13].…”