Vegetable and Fruit: The Evidence in their Favour and the Public Health Perspective

Trichopoulou, Antonia; Naska, Androniki; Antoniou, Anna; Friel, Sharon; Trygg, K; Turrini, Aida

doi:10.1024/0300-9831.73.2.63

Cited by 75 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…This makes international comparisons more difficult. Some indexes postulate monotonic relations and do not take into account possible tolerance limits 48 . Another component-related problem is that the same importance is usually arbitrarily given to all index components, independently of the components' proportions in the diet and of the scientific evidence on the diet-disease relationship 26 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of indexes evaluating the adherence to the Mediterranean diet in epidemiological studies: a review

Bach

Serra-Majem

Carrasco

et al. 2006

Public Health Nutr.

329

275

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The purpose of this paper is to review some of the methods that several epidemiological studies use to evaluate the adherence of a population to the Mediterranean diet pattern. Among these methods, diet indexes attempt to make a global evaluation of the quality of the diet based on a traditional Mediterranean reference pattern, described as a priori, general and qualitative. The Mediterranean diet indexes, hence, summarise the diet by means of a single score that results from a function of different components, such as food, food groups or a combination of foods and nutrients. The reviewed evaluation methods can be classified into three categories depending on the way they are calculated: (1) those based on a positive or negative scoring of the components, (2) those that add or substract standardised components, and (3) those that are based on a ratio between components.Dietary scores have been used to explore the multiple associations between the Mediterranean diet, as an integral entity, and health parameters such as life expectancy or the incidence of obesity, cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancers. Moreover, these indexes are also useful tools to measure food consumption trends and to identify the involved factors, as well as to develop comprehensive public health nutrition recommendations.A more precise and quantitative definition of the Mediterranean diet is required if the adherence to such a dietary pattern is intended to be more accurately measured. Other aspects of the Mediterranean diet indexes should also be taken into account, like the inclusion of typical Mediterranean foods such as nuts and fish and the validation of the dietary pattern approach by using biomarkers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of indexes evaluating the adherence to the Mediterranean diet in epidemiological studies: a review

Bach

Serra-Majem

Carrasco

et al. 2006

Public Health Nutr.

329

275

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“…They may thus have a potential protective role in various chronic diseases, including common cancers (6)(7)(8)(9), and explain, at least in part, the well-established associations between high consumption of vegetables and fruit and reduced risk of several neoplasms (10,11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavonoids and Breast Cancer Risk in Italy

Bosetti

Spertini

Parpinel

et al. 2005

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

167

111

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Few epidemiologic studies have investigated the potential relation between flavonoids and breast cancer risk. We have applied recently published data on the composition of foods and beverages in terms of six principal classes of flavonoids (i.e., flavanones, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, flavones, anthocyanidines, and isoflavones) on dietary information collected in a large-case control study of breast cancer conducted in Italy between 1991 and 1994. The study included 2,569 women with incident, histologically confirmed breast cancer, and 2,588 hospital controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated by multiple logistic regression models. After allowance for major confounding factors and energy intake, a reduced risk of breast cancer was found for increasing intake of flavones (OR, 0.81, for the highest versus the lowest quintile; P-trend, 0.02), and flavonols (OR, 0.80; P-trend, 0.06).

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“…They have several biological activities that include antimutagenic, antiproliferative, and antioxidant effects, as well as involvement in cell signaling, cell cycle regulation, and angiogenesis (2,3). Consequently, flavonoids may have an important role in explaining the favorable effects of vegetables, fruit, and, possibly, tea against cancer (4)(5)(6). Two reviews (2, 7) of epidemiologic studies of flavonoid intake and cancer risk concluded that there is modest evidence that flavonoids are inversely associated with cancer risk, and that the evidence is more convincing for the flavonol quercetin and lung cancer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavonoids and Colorectal Cancer in Italy

Rossi

Negri

Talamini

et al. 2006

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

150

154

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Because of their several biological activities, flavonoids may have an important role in explaining the protective effects of vegetables, fruit, and, possibly, tea against cancer. The potential relation between flavonoids and colorectal cancer risk was investigated using data from a multicentric Italian case-control study, including 1,953 cases of colorectal cancers (1,225 colon cancers and 728 rectal cancers) and 4,154 hospital controls admitted for acute nonneoplastic diseases. We have applied recently published data on the composition of foods and beverages, in terms of six principal classes of flavonoids, on dietary information collected through a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated by multiple logistic regression models, including terms for sex, age, study center, family history of colorectal cancer, education, alcohol consumption, body mass index, physical activity, and energy intake. A reduced risk of colorectal cancer was found for increasing intake of isoflavones (OR, 0.76, for the highest versus the lowest quintile, P trend = 0.001), anthocyanidins (OR, 0.67, P trend < 0.001), flavones (OR, 0.78, P trend = 0.004), and flavonols (OR, 0.64, P trend < 0.001). No significant association was found for flavan-3-ols (OR, 0.98), flavanones (OR, 0.96), and total flavonoids (OR, 0.97). The estimates did not substantially differ for colon and rectal cancers, as well as in strata of sex, age, and body mass index. The findings of this large study provide support for an inverse association of selected classes of flavonoids with colorectal cancer risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(8):1555 -8)

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Vegetable and Fruit: The Evidence in their Favour and the Public Health Perspective

Cited by 75 publications

References 0 publications

The use of indexes evaluating the adherence to the Mediterranean diet in epidemiological studies: a review

The use of indexes evaluating the adherence to the Mediterranean diet in epidemiological studies: a review

Flavonoids and Breast Cancer Risk in Italy

Flavonoids and Colorectal Cancer in Italy

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