Vegetable food products of the foraging economies of the pacific northwest

Norton, Helen H.; Hunn, Eugene S.; Martinsen, Charlene S.; Keely, P. B.

doi:10.1080/03670244.1984.9990789

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…81 Norton et al state the following. The large native population encountered at contact (ca 1790-1850) was non-agricultural and obtained their food by foraging, harvesting and sometimes managing, natural, localized species of plants and animals.…”

Section: Terrestrial Sources Of Omega-3 Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Omega‐3 fatty acids in wild plants, nuts and seeds

Simopoulos

2002

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr

127

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Human beings evolved consuming a diet that contained approximately equal amounts of omega‐6 and omega‐3 essential fatty acids. Over the past 100−150 years there has been an enormous increase in the consumption of omega‐6 fatty acids due to the increased intake of vegetable oils from seeds of corn, sunflower, safflower, cotton and soybeans. Today, in Western diets, the ratio of omega‐6 to omega‐3 fatty acids ranges from 10 to 20:1 instead of the traditional range of 1−2:1. Studies indicate that a high intake of omega‐6 fatty acids shifts the physiologic state to one that is prothrombotic and proaggregatory, characterized by increases in blood viscosity, vasospasm, and vasoconstriction and decreases in bleeding time, whereas omega‐3 fatty acids have anti‐inflammatory, antithrombotic, anti‐arrhythmic, hypolipidemic, and vasodilatory properties. These beneficial effects of omega‐3 fatty acids have been shown in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and hypertension, as for example, in the Lyon Heart Study, the GISSI Prevenzione Trial, and in the The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Study. Most of the studies have been carried out with fish oils (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)). However, α‐linolenic acid (ALA), found in green leafy vegetables, flaxseed, rapeseed, and walnuts, desaturates and elongates in the body to EPA and DHA and by itself may have beneficial effects in health and in the control of chronic diseases. The present paper identifies multiple sources of ALA from plants, legumes, nuts and seeds and emphasizes the importance of the ratio of omega‐6 to omega‐3 fatty acids for proper desaturation and elongation of ALA into EPA and DHA. α‐linolenic acid is not equivalent in its biological effects to the long‐chain omega‐3 fatty acids found in marine oils. Eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA are more rapidly incorporated into plasma and membrane lipids and produce more rapid effects than does ALA. Relatively large reserves of linoleic acid in body fat, as are found in vegans or in the diet of omnivores in Western societies, would tend to slow down the formation of long‐chain omega‐3 fatty acids from ALA. Therefore, the role of ALA in human nutrition becomes important in terms of long‐term dietary intake. One advantage of the consumption of ALA over omega‐3 fatty acids from fish is that the problem of insufficient vitamin E intake does not exist with high intake of ALA from plant sources.

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Section: Terrestrial Sources Of Omega-3 Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a recent study, Norton et al studied the vegetable food products of the foraging economies of the Pacific Northwest and found them to be valuable sources of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and ascorbic acid. 81 Norton et al state the following.…”

Section: Terrestrial Sources Of Omega-3 Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega‐3 fatty acids in wild plants, nuts and seeds

Simopoulos

2002

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr

127

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Section: Habitat Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stopover Ecology and Habitat Selection of Juvenile Swainson's Thrushes During Fall Migration Along the Northern California Coast

Tietz

Johnson²

2007

Condor

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iii ABSTRACT Stopover ecology and habitat selection of juvenile Swainson's Thrushes during fall migration along the northern California coast James R. Tietz I investigated stopover habitat selection of juvenile Swainson's Thrushes (Catharus ustulatus) during fall migration at the Lanphere Dunes along the Northern California Coast. For 26 birds captured and radio-tracked in 2002 and 2003, the average minimum length of stay was 8.9 ± 1.0 days. For 20 of the birds with a sufficient numberof locations, the average home range size was 1.9 ± 0.3 ha. Thrushes showed no overall pattern of selection for forest type within the study area or for forest type used inside their home range. Fat and lean birds selected forest types similarly within the study area and their home ranges. However, locations occupied by lean birds had twice as much huckleberry shrub cover and 1.3 times more concealment than locations occupied by fat birds. Overall, there were 2.5 times more huckleberries at occupied than random locations, and lean birds had 2.9 times more berries than fat birds at occupied locations.Fecal analyses confirmed that huckleberries were a commonly consumed food.However, thrushes also ate arthropods and wax myrtle bracteoles. The overall lack of forest type selection coupled with differences in selection for cover and fruit abundance between fat and lean birds suggests that fat level may influence microsite selection.iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very thankful to the volunteers that helped with the banding at the Humboldt Bay Bird Observatory including

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“…If migrants arrive with different nutritional needs, and different habitats contain different resources, then individual migrants might be expected to select habitats differently to replenish nutritional deficiencies, resulting in an overall appearance of no consistent habitat selection. Although huckleberry was the most frequent fruit found in fecal samples, and there were significantly more huckleberries at occupied sites than at random sites, huckleberries have low lipid and protein content (Norton et al 1984) and thus may not contribute all of the nutrients necessary for efficient fat deposition (Bairlein 2002). Thus, some birds may have preferred lipid-rich fruits such as wax myrtle and spent more time in broadleaf forest where it was twice as common as in conifer.…”

Section: Habitat Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stopover Ecology and Habitat Selection of Juvenile Swainson's Thrushes During Fall Migration Along the Northern California Coast

Tietz

Johnson²

2007

The Condor

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We investigated selection of stopover habitat by juvenile Swainson's Thrushes (Catharus ustulatus) during fall migration at a site along the northern California coast. The study site vegetation consisted mainly of coniferous forest (pine [Pinus] and spruce [Picea]), with interspersed patches of broadleaf forest (willow [Salix] and alder [Alnus]) in poorly drained swales. For 26 birds captured and radio-tracked in 2002 and 2003, the average minimum stopover duration was 8.9 ± 1.0 days. For 20 of these birds with a sufficient number of locations, the average home range size was 1.9 ± 0.3 ha. Thrushes showed no overall pattern of selection for forest type within the study area or for forest type used inside their home range. Fat and lean birds selected forest types similarly within the study area and their home ranges. However, locations occupied by lean birds had twice as much huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum) shrub cover and were 1.3 times more concealed by vegetation than locations occupied by fat birds. There were 2.5 times more huckleberries at occupied than random locations, and locations occupied by lean birds had 2.1 times more berries overall than those frequented by fat birds. Fecal analyses confirmed that huckleberries were a commonly consumed food (70% of sampled thrushes), but also revealed that thrushes ate arthropods (87%) and wax myrtle (Myrica californica) bracteoles (43%). The overall lack of forest type selection coupled with differences between fat and lean birds in selection for cover and fruit abundance suggests that fat level may influence microsite selection.

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Vegetable food products of the foraging economies of the pacific northwest

Cited by 14 publications

References 15 publications

Omega‐3 fatty acids in wild plants, nuts and seeds

Omega‐3 fatty acids in wild plants, nuts and seeds

Stopover Ecology and Habitat Selection of Juvenile Swainson's Thrushes During Fall Migration Along the Northern California Coast

Stopover Ecology and Habitat Selection of Juvenile Swainson's Thrushes During Fall Migration Along the Northern California Coast

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