Vegetables cultivated with exposure to pure and naturally occurring β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) via irrigation

Esterhuizen-Londt, Maranda; Pflugmacher, Stephan

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.030

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Irrigation with polluted water is the primary route of introduction of cyanotoxins (microcystins) in agricultural soils. Extracellular microcystins within irrigation water may leach into soils from constant spray, increasing the bioavailability of toxin [ 48 ]. Two studies indicated that contaminated irrigation water with microcystins threaten crop quality and yield.…”

Section: Input Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcystin Contamination and Toxicity: Implications for Agriculture and Public Health

Melaram

Newton

Chafin

2022

Toxins

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Microcystins are natural hepatotoxic metabolites secreted by cyanobacteria in aquatic ecosystems. When present at elevated concentrations, microcystins can affect water quality aesthetics; contaminate drinking water reservoirs and recreational waters; disrupt normal ecosystem functioning; and cause health hazards to animals, plants, and humans. Animal and human exposures to microcystins generally result from ingesting contaminated drinking water or physically contacting tainted water. Much research has identified a multitude of liver problems from oral exposure to microcystins, varying from hepatocellular damage to primary liver cancer. Provisional guidelines for microcystins in drinking and recreational water have been established to prevent toxic exposures and protect public health. With increasing occurrences of eutrophication in freshwater systems, microcystin contamination in groundwater and surface waters is growing, posing threats to aquatic and terrestrial plants and agricultural soils used for crop production. These microcystins are often transferred to crops via irrigation with local sources of water, such as bloom-forming lakes and ponds. Microcystins can survive in high quantities in various parts of plants (roots, stems, and leaves) due to their high chemical stability and low molecular weight, increasing health risks for consumers of agricultural products. Studies have indicated potential health risks associated with contaminated fruits and vegetables sourced from irrigated water containing microcystins. This review considers the exposure risk to humans, plants, and the environment due to the presence of microcystins in local water reservoirs used for drinking and irrigation. Additional studies are needed to understand the specific health impacts associated with the consumption of microcystin-contaminated agricultural plants.

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Section: Input Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcystin Contamination and Toxicity: Implications for Agriculture and Public Health

Melaram

Newton

Chafin

2022

Toxins

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“…It is hypothesized that ALS patients in this region cannot prevent BMAA accumulation [ 36 , 37 , 38 ]. The dietary source of BMAA could be seafood such as fish, mussels, crabs, and oysters [ 39 , 40 , 41 ]. High incidence of ALS has also been reported on the island of Guam whose population use potential cycad-derived products.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Diet Review

D’Antona

Caramenti

Porro

et al. 2021

Foods

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease related to upper and lower motor neurons degeneration. Although the environmental and genetic causes of this disease are still unclear, some factors involved in ALS onset such as oxidative stress may be influenced by diet. A higher risk of ALS has been correlated with a high fat and glutamate intake and β-methylamino-L-alanine. On the contrary, a diet based on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, such as curcumin, creatine, coenzyme Q10, vitamin E, vitamin A, vitamin C, and phytochemicals could reduce the risk of ALS. However, data are controversial as there is a discrepancy among different studies due to a limited number of samples and the many variables that are involved. In addition, an improper diet could lead to an altered microbiota and consequently to an altered metabolism that could predispose to the ALS onset. In this review we summarized some research that involve aspects related to ALS such as the epidemiology, the diet, the eating behaviour, the microbiota, and the metabolic diseases. Further research is needed to better comprehend the role of diet and the metabolic diseases in the mechanisms leading to ALS onset and progression.

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“…However, after 3 weeks, the alfalfa plants are still considered seedlings, and even though most of the MC-LR taken up from the 2.1 soil remained in the roots, the toxin could be transported to the shoots as the plants grow. Differences in cyanotoxin uptake and distribution within the plant appendages were previously shown (Esterhuizen-Londt and Pflugmacher 2019). Therefore, it is likely that at the seedling growth stage, nutrients essential for growth are prioritised for transport from nutrient-poor soil such as the 2.1 soil type to support growth.…”

Section: Plant Exposurementioning

confidence: 94%

Bioavailability of microcystin-LR in two different soil types to the legume Alfalfa Medicago sativa L.

Esterhuizen-Londt

Schmitner

Pflugmacher

2021

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The adverse effects of exposure to microcystins in terrestrial crops have been well documented. However, the retention and bioavailability of microcystin-LR, one of the most prevalent cyanotoxins, from soil to plants, is poorly understood. In the present study, the amount of free microcystin-LR from two soil types, a silty sand and clayey loam, with exposure to three toxin concentrations and time was investigated. Using the two soil types, the effects on Medicago sativa (Alfalfa) growth after microcystin-LR exposure via irrigation with spiked water and pre-spiked soil was investigated and the amount of microcystin-LR taken up by the plant quantified. After 3 weeks of growth, the amount of free microcystin-LR remaining in the two soil types with each treatment was quantified. The results indicated that in clayey loam more microcystin-LR is bound to the soil. However, the growth of Alfalfa was only affected in the clayey loam with microcystin/LR exposure via irrigation. Nevertheless, microcystin-LR was detected in Alfalfa grown in both soil types exposed by both irrigation and via pre-spiked soil. Interestingly, more microcystin-LR remained in the silty sand after 3 weeks; yet, more microcystin-LR was taken up by the Alfalfa grown in the silty sand, with a larger concentration in the roots compared to the shoots. The results indicate that the soil type substantially influences the bioavailability and uptake of microcystin-LR and present some insight into the ecological risk posed by microcystin-LR.

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Vegetables cultivated with exposure to pure and naturally occurring β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) via irrigation

Cited by 19 publications

References 26 publications

Microcystin Contamination and Toxicity: Implications for Agriculture and Public Health

Microcystin Contamination and Toxicity: Implications for Agriculture and Public Health

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Diet Review

Bioavailability of microcystin-LR in two different soil types to the legume Alfalfa Medicago sativa L.

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