Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. I. Epidemiology

Steinmetz, Kristi A.; Potter, John D.

doi:10.1007/bf00051672

Cited by 1,112 publications

(457 citation statements)

References 123 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

437

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…High intakes of fruits and vegetables have been associated with reduced risks of many cancers, 22 including breast cancer, [23][24][25][26][27] as well as of benign breast disease 26,[28][29][30] ; but some studies 26,[31][32][33] have shown either only a moderate, or no reduction in risk of breast cancer in association with these foods. A meta-analysis of 14 casecontrol studies and 3 cohort studies showed a reduced risk of breast cancer in relation to vegetable consumption, but with significant heterogeneity among studies, and only a weak, non-significant, association with fruit intake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary and other risk factors in women having fibrocystic breast conditions with and without concurrent breast cancer: A nested case‐control study in Shanghai, China

Ray

Lampe

et al. 2005

Intl Journal of Cancer

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Risk of breast cancer is increased in women with proliferative benign breast conditions. Most of these conditions, however, do not progress to breast cancer. The purpose of our study was to identify factors possibly associated with this progression. Women with proliferative fibrocystic breast conditions alone (214), and women with proliferative fibrocystic breast conditions and concurrent breast cancer (130), were compared to each other, and each of these groups of women were also compared to 1,070 controls; and 176 women with non-proliferative benign breast conditions alone, and 155 also with breast cancer, were similarly compared. All study subjects were selected from a cohort of women enrolled in a trial of breast self-examination in Shanghai. Women were interviewed to ascertain information on suspected risk factors for breast cancer and dietary habits. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Increased risks of both proliferative fibrocystic breast conditions alone, and with breast cancer, were associated with low parity, a prior benign breast lump and breast cancer in a first-degree relative. Decreasing trends in the risk of both conditions with increasing intake of fruits and vegetables were observed. No factors were significantly associated with risk of breast cancer relative to risk of proliferative changes. Similar, but in some instances weaker, associations were observed for non-proliferative fibrocystic conditions with and without breast cancer. The possible risk or protective factors that were observed in our study most likely alter the risk of breast cancer at an early stage in the carcinogenic process, and probably do not alter risk of progression from proliferative fibrocystic breast conditions to breast cancer. ' 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: breast cancer; fibrocystic breast conditions; risk factors; diet; fruits; vegetables Women who have undergone a breast biopsy for benign breast disease are at increased risk of breast cancer. 1 Although nonproliferative breast conditions do not seem to be associated with increased risk of breast cancer, proliferative fibrocystic breast conditions without and with atypia have been associated with 2-fold and 4-fold increased risks of breast cancer, respectively. 2-8 Most women who are diagnosed with proliferative fibrocystic breast conditions do not develop breast cancer, however, suggesting the presence of risk factors necessary for progression.Breast cancer presumably results when a cell first undergoes an initiating genetic alteration, and then either this cell or one of its daughter cells, which inherits that initiating genetic damage is transformed into a cell with malignant characteristics by undergoing one or more subsequent events. In this scenario, proliferative activity may play an important role by increasing the expansion of initiated cells and the likelihood that one will undergo subsequent events ultimately leading to transformation to a malignant phenotype. 9,10 The morp...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary and other risk factors in women having fibrocystic breast conditions with and without concurrent breast cancer: A nested case‐control study in Shanghai, China

Ray

Lampe

et al. 2005

Intl Journal of Cancer

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…11,21 With regard to fruit intake, the small number of smokers is likely to have affected the power of our study to detect a significant relationship; the odds ratio for the highest tertile does suggest the possibility of a substantial reduction in risk that is consistent with results for smokers in other studies. 11,13 Interestingly, recent results from a prospective investigation (the Nurses' Health Study) show a significant reduction in risk with the highest quintile of intake for total vegetables, but not fruit, among current smokers, whereas among never smokers, the highest tertile of fruit intake had a significant protective effect. 22 Among lifetime nonsmokers, place of birth was the demographic variable most strongly associated with lung cancer risk; non-smoking women who were born in China experienced a more than twofold increase in risk compared to local-born women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10 Recent studies support an effect of total fruit and vegetable intake rather than of individual micronutrients, 11 with the evidence being most consistent for Brassica vegetables, which are rich in isothiocyanates, potent inhibitors of NNK carcinogenesis. 12 Accordingly, the trend has been toward a stronger effect of vegetables in smokers, 13 possibly because of specific agents with anticarcinogenic properties against tobaccorelated cancers. Several studies have reported inverse associations between vegetable intake and lung cancer risk among smokers or exsmokers but these associations were absent among women who have never smoked.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet, reproductive factors and lung cancer risk among Chinese women in Singapore: Evidence for a protective effect of soy in nonsmokers

Seow

Poh

Teh

et al. 2001

Intl Journal of Cancer

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The factors associated with risk of lung cancer among nonsmokers have not been fully elucidated, but dietary factors have consistently been shown to play a role. Chinese women are unique in having a high incidence of lung cancer despite a low smoking prevalence. This population is also known to have a high intake of soy, a dietary source of phytoestrogens. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study among Singapore Chinese women, comprising 303 cases and 765 age-matched controls, of whom 176 cases and 663 controls were lifetime nonsmokers. Data on demographic background, reproductive factors and dietary intake of fruit, vegetables and soy foods were obtained by in-person interview. We observed an inverse association between intake of total, cruciferous and non-cruciferous vegetables and risk of lung cancer among smokers. Although smokers in the highest tertile of fruit intake also had a lower risk, this was not statistically significant. Higher intake of soy foods significantly reduced risk of lung cancer among lifetime nonsmokers, but not among smokers. When soy isoflavonoid intake in mg/week was computed based on frequency and portion size of intake of eight common local soy foods, the adjusted OR among nonsmokers for the highest tertile compared to the lowest was 0.56, 95% CI 0.37-0.85 (p for trend <0.01). Fruit intake was also significantly associated with reduced lung cancer risk among nonsmokers, but the effect was not significant after adjustment for soy intake. On the other hand, soy intake remained an independent predictor of risk after controlling for fruit intake. Reproductive effects were also primarily confined to lifetime nonsmokers, among whom having 3 or more livebirths (adjusted OR 0.65, 0.44 -0.96) and a menstrual cycle length of more than 30 days (OR 0.46, 0.25-0.84) accorded a significantly reduced risk of lung cancer. Place of birth was significantly associated with risk among nonsmokers (OR 2.6, 1.7-3.9 for China-born vs. local born) but not among smokers. When analysis was restricted to nonsmokers with adenocarcinomas, the dietary effects were consistent or enhanced. On stepwise regression, soy intake and cycle length emerged as the independent dietary and reproductive predictors of lung cancer risk in nonsmokers. These findings are consistent with other evidence suggesting an involvement of estrogen-related pathways in lung cancer among non-smoking women.

show abstract

“…dietary habits, may largely determine each individual's tumor risk. Diets rich in cruciferous vegetables, such as Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleraceae), are associated with a lower risk (2). The anticarcinogenic properties of cruciferous vegetables have been mainly attributed to the degradation products of glucosinolates, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of consumption of Brussels sprouts on intestinal and lymphocytic glutathione S-transferases in humans

et al. 1995

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A high intake of glucosinolate-containing cruciferous vege tables, such as Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleraceae), has been linked to a decreased cancer risk, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. The aim of this study was to reveal possible modulating effects of consumption of Brussels sprouts on duodenal, rectal and lymphocytic (i) glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme activity, (ii) GST isozyme levels and (iii) glutathione (GSH) content. Ten healthy non-smoking volunteers were randomly assigned to two groups in a cross-over design. Five persons started on a glucosinolate-free diet (control period), while the other five consumed 300 g/day cooked Brussels sprouts, at the expense of 300 g glucosinolate-free vegetables (sprouts period). After 7 days the regimen was changed for a further week. At the end of both periods blood samples and duodenal and rectal biopsies were taken. Mean GST activity showed marked differences between duodenal, rectal and lymphocytic cytosols (737 ± 54, 321 ± 29 and 154 ± 14 nmol/min/mg protein respectively), but was uninfluenced by the dietary regimen. Isozyme distribution varied greatly between the tissues. In duodenum GST-a, -7C and -[i iso zymes were expressed in considerable amounts (8441 ± 1365,3002 ± 223 and 536 ± 248 ng/mg protein respectively). Rectal biopsies also contained above three GST classes, but here GST-n was the most pronounced expressed isozyme (2849 ± 246) followed by GST-|n (495 ± 242), while GSTa was only present in minor quantities (149 ± 31). In lymphocytes only GST-71; (755 ± 96) and GST-p, (83 ± 54) could be detected. As a result of the dietary regimen rectal GST-a and -71 levels were slightly increased at the end of the sprouts period, by 30 and 15% respectively. GSH contents were uninfluenced by the dietary regimen. In conclusion, consumption of glucosinolate-containing Brussels sprouts for 1 week results in increased rectal GST-a and -tc isozyme levels. We hypothesize that these enhanced detoxification enzyme levels may partly explain the epidemiological association between a high intake of glucosinolates (cruciferous vegetables) and a decreased risk of colorectal cancer.

show abstract

Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. I. Epidemiology

Cited by 1,112 publications

References 123 publications

Dietary and other risk factors in women having fibrocystic breast conditions with and without concurrent breast cancer: A nested case‐control study in Shanghai, China

Dietary and other risk factors in women having fibrocystic breast conditions with and without concurrent breast cancer: A nested case‐control study in Shanghai, China

Diet, reproductive factors and lung cancer risk among Chinese women in Singapore: Evidence for a protective effect of soy in nonsmokers

Effects of consumption of Brussels sprouts on intestinal and lymphocytic glutathione S-transferases in humans

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About