Vegetation dynamics and regeneration of Pinus pinea forests in Mount Lebanon: Towards the progressive disappearance of pine

Nakhoul, Joseph; Fernandez, Catherine; Bousquet-Mélou, Anne; Nemer, Nabil; Abboud, Jihad; Prévosto, Bernard

doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.105866

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Located on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea, Lebanon is a country where stone pine forests are economically important, contributing directly to the livelihood of at least 1000 rural families [12]. Stone pine forests extend over approximatively 12,740 ha and represent 9.3% of the total forest cover of the country [13][14][15]. Umbrella pine is a typical masting habit species, showing huge interannual cone production variability mainly ruled by climatic factors, especially rainfall events occurring at key moments in the cone development cycle [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Factors behind the Decline of Pinus pinea Nut Production in Mediterranean Pine Forests

Khoury

Noujeim

Bubici

et al. 2021

Forests

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Mediterranean stone pine nut is appreciated for its high economic and nutritional value. Starting in 2012, Pinus pinea nut production declined throughout the Mediterranean area. The dry cone syndrome associated with this decline and the introduction of Leptoglossus occidentalis occurred simultaneously. This study aims to evaluate potential reasons behind the decline in pine nut production in Lebanon, considering climatic factors and the invasion of L. occidentalis. Correlation analysis was used to examine a potential relationship between cone yield and the percentage of damaged seeds per cone. Climatic variables were also tested. Two time periods were considered for analysis: before and after 2012. Cone production and the percentage of damaged seeds were negatively correlated (r = −0.42). From 2012 to 2017, cone production declined by 50% and the percentage of damaged seeds increased on average from 3% in 2012 up to 60% in 2017. Correlations were detected between cone production and the temperature of the hottest three months of the year of harvesting, and between cone production and average temperatures during the year of cone initiation. A conjunction of factors that include L. occidentalis and climatic factors might have affected the pine nut production in Lebanon.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Factors behind the Decline of Pinus pinea Nut Production in Mediterranean Pine Forests

Khoury

Noujeim

Bubici

et al. 2021

Forests

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“…The density of understory species is 8350 ind ha 1 ; the highest number of individuals belongs to Pteridium aquilinum (4050 ind ha 1 ) with a coverage of 16.2%. This density of understory species determines the dynamics of the overstory (Nakhoul et al, 2020) and can be influenced by the structural arrangement of the dominant canopy, which controls the availability of light, water and soil nutrients (Barbier et al, 2008) in the study area. In the understory of the evaluated community, the predominant life form is herbaceous, followed by shrubs and trees, a result that supports the record of Mejía et al (2018) for the understory in dense pine and oyamel forest in Nevado de Toluca, Mexico, where the shrub stratum was the richest.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The state or condition of the forest can be described by three characteristics: 1) spatial position or distribution, 2) species diversity and mix, and 3) the arrangement of vertical and horizontal differentiation (Castellanos-Bolaños et al, 2008). The role played by the understory, made up of shrubs, herbaceous, grasses, climber plants, lianas and other low vegetation, also favors the dynamics and stability of forest ecosystems (Nakhoul et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the understory associated with a pine-oak forest in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas region

Barrios-Calderón¹,

Oconor

Morales

et al. 2023

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Objective: To characterize the understory species associated with a pine-oak forest in the Sierra Mariscal region, Chiapas. Design/methodology/approach: Six 40 m2 subplots were established to evaluate the cover, abundance and identity of shrub, herbaceous and sapling components of the understory. Floristic diversity was determined. The level of disturbance was evaluated using the observation method. An analysis of variance and comparison of means by Tukey (p<0.05) between structural variables was applied. The relationship between disturbance levels and study sites was performed by correspondence analysis. Results: The understory is composed of five tree species, three herbaceous and two shrub species. The largest diameter (p≤0.0001 and F=27.6) corresponds to herbaceous Cortaderia seolloana (5.38±0.94 cm) and Petiridium aquilinum (4.5±0.96 cm). The greatest height corresponds to Quercus sp. saplings (126.3±75.9 cm) and the herbaceous Cenchurus sp. (110.2±54.1 cm) and Peteridium aquilinum (91.7±40.9 cm), the latter having the highest density (4050 ind. ha-1) and cover (16.2%). Floristic diversity was low in all six sites. Site six was the most diverse and site three the most disturbed. Study limitations/implications: The study comprised a limited and insufficient area to generalize the conditions of pine-oak forests in the Chiapas highlands. It is suggested to expand the study universe and increase the number of replications. Findings/conclusions: Variability in understory structure and composition was found that corroborates the relationship between forest diversity and disturbance.

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“…Several plant species were observed to exhibit the phenomenon of multi-stem trees. In order to calculate multi-stem tree diameter, all stem diameters were measured and then divided by the number of stems ( Nakhoul et al, 2020 ). Moreover, each target sampled plot was recorded in terms of its slope angle, elevation, and aspect.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetation–edaphic correlation and importance value index in himalayan ‘ecotone’ temperate conifer forest using the multivariate technique

Ali,

Zeb,

Amin

et al. 2024

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences

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Vegetation dynamics and regeneration of Pinus pinea forests in Mount Lebanon: Towards the progressive disappearance of pine

Abstract: Ecosystem dynamics are formed by biological resources, specifically natural vegetation where floristic and faunistic life are present (Balcha, 2008). Plant communities' composition, species persistence and plant richness are largely controlled by environmental factors, spatial

Cited by 11 publications

References 81 publications

Potential Factors behind the Decline of Pinus pinea Nut Production in Mediterranean Pine Forests

Potential Factors behind the Decline of Pinus pinea Nut Production in Mediterranean Pine Forests

Characterization of the understory associated with a pine-oak forest in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas region

Vegetation–edaphic correlation and importance value index in himalayan ‘ecotone’ temperate conifer forest using the multivariate technique

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