Vegetation Maps for Eastern North America: 40,000 Yr B.P. to the Present

Delcourt, Paul A.; Delcourt, Hazel R.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-4989-9_7

Cited by 117 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…The plant communities at this elevation were likely dominated by spruce, fir, and pine at this time (Delcourt and Delcourt 1981, 1983, Anderson 1995. The fire event represented by this fragment occurred at approximately the same time that humans first moved into this region (Gragson et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Reconstructing Holocene fire history in a southern Appalachian forest using soil charcoal

Fesenmyer

Christensen

2010

Ecology

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Abstract. Lacking long-term dendrochronological and lake sediment data, little is known regarding the history of fire in southern Appalachian forests through the Holocene. Here we used 82 radiocarbon ages for soil charcoal collected from local depositional sites along a topographic gradient from mixed hardwood (Liriodendron tulipifera and Quercus spp.) to oakpine (Quercus prinus and Pinus rigida) forest to provide a coarse-grained picture of changes in fire frequency within a 10-ha area during the Holocene. Charcoal ages ranged from 0 to 10 570 yr BP, with a single date older than 4000 yr BP. The data indicate that fires occurred regularly across the study area over the past 4000 yr. Further, such fires were not confined to dry oakpine dominated ridges, but extended downslope into areas that are today dominated by mesic hardwood forest. Summed probability analysis taking into account radiometric errors suggests that fires became more frequent ;1000 yr ago, coinciding with the appearance of Woodland Tradition Native Americans in this region. We provide a direct demonstration of relatively frequent fire at the forest stand scale in Appalachian forests over a significant portion of the Holocene. Our results are consistent with the widely held view that fires have become less frequent in this region over the past 250 years. We discuss the difficulties in calculating the inbuilt error associated with estimating actual fire dates from charcoal fragments. But we conclude that such analysis of soil charcoal is a promising approach for reconstructing general trends in fire behavior within forest stands in this region.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Reconstructing Holocene fire history in a southern Appalachian forest using soil charcoal

Fesenmyer

Christensen

2010

Ecology

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“…The antler morphology of 8 of the 9 antlers of Pleistocene caribou described or depicted in the literature appear similar to present day mon¬ tane antlers with the characteristics of some com¬ pression of the main beam (oval cross section), palmated high tops, and high bez tines (as described by Butler, 1986). These antlers conform to neither The distributions and areas of the forest types based on Delcourt & Delcourt (1981) Figs. S, 6, and 7 and include the region from the Atlantic Coast west to 98 degrees west lon¬ gitude, north to the Laurentide Ice Sheet and Gaspé and south to the southern boundary of the Mixed Conifer and Northern Hardwood type.…”

Section: Predation Risk In the Pleistocenementioning

confidence: 91%

“…We exam¬ ined the vegetative maps of Delcourt & Delcourt (1981) of 18 000, 14 000, 10 000 and 5000 yr BP to determine the major dominant arboreal vegetation existing during the span of fossils from the Pleistocene and Holocene. We also consulted the PleistoceneHolocene vegetational analyses of Ritchie (1987), Davis & Jacobson (1985) and the Historical Atlas of Canada, Vol.…”

Section: Predation Risk In the Pleistocenementioning

confidence: 99%

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Predation risk and optimal foraging trade-off in the demography and spacing of the George River Herd, 1958 to 1993

Bergerud¹,

Luttich²

2003

Ran

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The behavior options of feeding animals lie on a continuum between energy maximization and minimization of predation risk. We studied the distribution, mobility, and energy budgets of the George River herd, Ungava from 1974 to 1993. We arranged the annual cycle into 6 phases where we argue that the importance between the priorities of opti¬ mal foraging and predation risk change between periods. At calving, risk is more important than foraging for females but males take more risk to optimally forage. During the mosquito season, insect avoidance takes priority over risk and for¬ aging. Optimal foraging takes precedent over risk in the late summer and fall and it is at this time that the herd expanded its range relative to numbers and forage abundance. In the winter (December to mid-March) animals sought restrict¬ ed localized ranges with low snow cover to reduce predation risk. The spring migration of females may have increased risk during the interval the females were moving back to the tundra to give birth to their neonates on the low risk calv¬ ing ground. In May, females sought early greens near treeline, which may have increased risk in order to provide maxi¬ mum nutrition to their fetuses in the last weeks of pregnancy. The ancestors of the George River Herd during the Pleistocene, 18 000 yr. BP may have reduced predation risk by spacing-out in the Appalachian Mountains, removed from the major specie of the megafauna in the lowlands. With global warming, it is argued the major problem for caribou will be increased wolf predation rather than changing forage and nutritional regimes. It is essential that First Nation residents of the North maintain their option to manage wolf numbers if excessive predation in the future adversely affects the migratory herds of the Northwest Territories and Ungava.

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“…increased moisture brought about by increased precipitation and an increase in sea level (approximately 60 m mean sea level) led to the development of coastal salt marshes, interior wetlands, and river floodplains. A decidedly new forest type, the southern pine forest, replaced the oakhickory-southern pine forests along the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Atlantic Coastal Plain as far north as southern Virginia (Delcourt and Delcourt 1981;Watts 1979Watts , 1983Webb 1988). Associated with this forest type was the expansion of swamp species such as cypress, sweet gum, and tupelo or black gum.…”

Section: Paleoenvironmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase I and II Archaeological Investigations at Shaw Air Force Base and the Poinsett Electronic Combat Range, Sumter County, South Carolina

Banguilan¹,

Cable²,

Cantley³

et al. 2005

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REPORT DOCUNENTATION PAGEForm Approved OMB Ab. Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimatedto average I hourper response, includingthe time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathenngand maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection ofinfonmation. Send conmments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection ofinformation, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services Directorate (AFB). Most of the PECR is located in Sumter County's Manchester Township, with the southern end extending into Fulton, and the eastern edge crossing over into Privateer. The three sites under examination are from north to south, 38SU58, 38SU222, and 38SU191. All three sites were recorded as containing potentially eligible prehistoric components. The testing phase was performed in order to determine the nature and significance of these sites as well as to gather information, which would facilitate the responsible management of these resources. Methods used to evaluate the sites included close interval shovel testing and test unit excavations at locations where artifact concentrations indicated the possible presence of intact cultural components or artifact clusters.Phase II testing at 38SU58 did not suggest a high potential for future research. Only small portions of site components remain intact, while the majority of the site is contained within the disturbed transmission-line corridor. As such, 38SU58 is recommended ineligible for nomination to the NRHP. On the other hand, Phase II testing at 38SU191 and 38SU222 revealed significant intact prehistoric components dating from the Early Archaic, Middle/Late Woodland, and Mississippian cultural periods. These sites were evaluated as eligible for nomination to the National Register according to their potential contributions to chronology building and phase definition, site structural and functional reconstruction, and settlement and subsistence reconstruction research domains previously identified for prehistoric archaeology at the PECR (Cable and Cantley 1998).Phase I archaeological survey of three selected tracts within Show Air Force Base resulted in the revisit/relocation of 38SU250 and the identification of one new site (38SU299). 38SU299 is a small floodplain site situated on the northern bank of Long Branch. The presence of a possible midden feature and diagnostic lithic and ceramic material dating to the Middle Woodland and Mississippian cultural periods indicates good research potential. 38SU299 is therefore recommended potentially eligible for nomination to the NHRP.Investigations at previously recorded site 38SU250 consisted of a surface survey over a 60 x 60 meter area of exposed ground surface. Although limited, the artifact collection identified Deptford (Middle Woodland) and Santee (Late Woodland/ Mississippian) series sherds, lithic debitage and a single Sykes/White Springs Stemmed projectile point/knife (PPK) (Middle/Late Archaic)....

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Vegetation Maps for Eastern North America: 40,000 Yr B.P. to the Present

Cited by 117 publications

References 73 publications

Reconstructing Holocene fire history in a southern Appalachian forest using soil charcoal

Reconstructing Holocene fire history in a southern Appalachian forest using soil charcoal

Predation risk and optimal foraging trade-off in the demography and spacing of the George River Herd, 1958 to 1993

Phase I and II Archaeological Investigations at Shaw Air Force Base and the Poinsett Electronic Combat Range, Sumter County, South Carolina

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