Vehicular particulate matter emissions in road tunnels in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Sánchez-Ccoyllo, Odón R.; Ynoue, Rita Yuri; Martins, Leila Droprinchinski; Astolfo, Rosana; Miranda, Regina Maura de; Freitas, Edmílson Dias de; Borges, Alessandro Santos; Fornaro, Adalgiza; Freitas, Helber C.; Moreira, Amanda Aleixo; Andrade, María de Fátima

doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0198-5

Cited by 104 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In the JQ tunnel, the most abundant trace elements were Fe, S, Si, Cu and Ca. With the exception of Cu, such results are in good agreement with gasohol-and ethanol-fuelled vehicles measurements in dynamometers (Ferreira da Silva et al, 2010) and in previous tunnel studies (Sánchez-Ccoyllo et al, 2009). The high abundance of Cu, linked to break lining, is attributed to a stop-go driving pattern in the JQ tunnel due to traffic congestions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Here, the ratio for the JQ tunnel is considerably higher (8.2). It has been previously suggested that ethanol processing of copper tanks enhances gasohol-fuelled vehicles Cu emission factors (Castanho and Artaxo, 2001;Sánchez-Ccoyllo et al, 2009), thus indicating that higher Cu : Sb ratios than expected are only due to brake lining. Whether such difference is due to the suggested ethanol usage (and therefore could be used as a marker) or is due to a different brake lining composition cannot be determined from this study and demands further investigation.…”

Section: Oc Ec and Trace Elementsmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Physical–chemical characterisation of the particulate matter inside two road tunnels in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area

Brito¹,

Rizzo²,

Herckès

et al. 2013

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. The notable increase in biofuel usage by the road transportation sector in Brazil during recent years has significantly altered the vehicular fuel composition. Consequently, many uncertainties are currently found in particulate matter vehicular emission profiles. In an effort to better characterise the emitted particulate matter, measurements of aerosol physical and chemical properties were undertaken inside two tunnels located in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA). The tunnels show very distinct fleet profiles: in the Jânio Quadros (JQ) tunnel, the vast majority of the circulating fleet are light duty vehicles (LDVs), fuelled on average with the same amount of ethanol as gasoline. In the Rodoanel (RA) tunnel, the particulate emission is dominated by heavy duty vehicles (HDVs) fuelled with diesel (5 % biodiesel). In the JQ tunnel, PM 2.5 concentration was on average 52 µg m −3 , with the largest contribution of organic mass (OM, 42 %), followed by elemental carbon (EC, 17 %) and crustal elements (13 %). Sulphate accounted for 7 % of PM 2.5 and the sum of other trace elements was 10 %. In the RA tunnel, PM 2.5 was on average 233 µg m −3 , mostly composed of EC (52 %) and OM (39 %). Sulphate, crustal and the trace elements showed a minor contribution with 5 %, 1 %, and 1 %, respectively. The average OC : EC ratio in the JQ tunnel was 1.59 ± 0.09, indicating an important contribution of EC despite the high ethanol fraction in the fuel composition. In the RA tunnel, the OC : EC ratio was 0.49 ± 0.12, consistent with previous measurements of diesel-fuelled HDVs. Besides bulk carbonaceous aerosol measurement, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified. The sum of the PAHs concentration was 56 ± 5 ng m −3 and 45 ± 9 ng m −3 in the RA and JQ tunnel, respectively. In the JQ tunnel, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) ranged from 0.9 to 6.7 ng m −3 (0.02-0. 1 ‰ of PM 2.5 ) whereas in the RA tunnel BaP ranged from 0.9 to 4.9 ng m −3 (0.004-0. 02 ‰ of PM 2.5 ), indicating an important relative contribution of LDVs emission to atmospheric BaP.Real-time measurements performed in both tunnels provided aerosol size distributions and optical properties. The average particle count yielded 73 000 cm −3 in the JQ tunnel and 366 000 cm −3 in the RA tunnel, with an average diameter of 48 nm in the former and 39 nm in the latter. Aerosol single scattering albedo, calculated from scattering and absorption observations in the JQ tunnel, indicates a value of 0.5 associated with LDVs. Such single scattering albedo is 20-50 % higher than observed in previous tunnel studies, possibly as a result of the large biofuel usage. Given the exceedingly high equivalent black carbon loadings in the RA tunnel, real time light absorption measurements were possible only in the JQ tunnel. Nevertheless, using EC measured from the filters, a single scattering albedo of 0.31 for the RA tunnel has been estimated. The results presented here characterise particulate matter emitted from nearly 1 million vehicles fuelled with a considerable amount of...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Oc Ec and Trace Elementsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Physical–chemical characterisation of the particulate matter inside two road tunnels in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area

Brito¹,

Rizzo²,

Herckès

et al. 2013

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…The modeling approach taken in different cities in the southeastern region of Brazil has been evolving, and most of the efforts have been focused on the construction of a comprehensive emissions inventory. In the MASP, the emissions inventory is based on vehicle emission factors (dynamometer measurements) and tunnel measurements performed in the city of São Paulo in 2001and 2004Sánchez-Ccoyllo et al, 2009), as well as on experiments conducted in 2011 Pérez-martínez et al, 2014).…”

Section: Wwwfrontiersinorgmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the summer of 2013/2014 as a whole, there were 27 days on which the relative humidity was below 40%. The quality of the simulation, in comparison with direct measurement, was evaluated with the statistical parameters correlation, bias, root mean square decomposed into two components: Albuquerque et al, 2012) Emission factors for regulated pollutants and hydrocarbons 1 h Measurements inside road traffic tunnels Sánchez-Ccoyllo et al, 2009;Brito et al, 2013;Nogueira et al, 2014;Pérez-martínez et al, 2014) USP, University of São Paulo. systematic RMSDs and unsystematic RMSDu, and agreement index, according to Willmott et al (1985) and Lu et al (1997).…”

Section: Case Study: Summer 2013/2014mentioning

confidence: 99%

Air quality forecasting system for Southeastern Brazil

Andrade

Ynoue

Freitas

et al. 2015

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Southeastern Brazil, the most populous and developed region of the country, faces various environmental problems associated with the growth of its population in urban areas. It is the most industrialized area in the country, comprising the metropolitan areas of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, and other major cities. Air quality is a major concern, because the reported concentrations of certain regulated pollutants, typically ozone and fine particulate, have exceeded national standards. Due to the difficulty in taking measurements over many different areas, air quality modeling is a useful tool to estimate air pollutant concentrations. For southeastern Brazil, air quality modeling has been performed mostly with the Brazilian Regional Atmospheric Modeling System with Simplified Photochemical Module and the Weather Research and Forecast with Chemistry models. One of the main objectives was to study the evolution of air quality associated with improved vehicle emission factors in urban areas, the impact of climate change on air quality, and the relationship between pollutant concentrations and health. Knowledge of mobile source emission factors has been continuously expanded by in-tunnel measurements and dynamometer protocols, which provide accurate data as inputs to photochemical air quality models. The spatial distribution of the mobile source emissions was constructed based on open access data related to the streets and traffic distribution. The mobile emission module was combined to the chemistry modeling and this implementation can be an example to be applied to other places that do not have a spatial distribution of this source. Forecasts of pollutant concentrations can inform public policies, including those addressing the effects of pollutants on health of the general population, and studies of the impacts of using different fuels and implementation of emissions regulations programs.

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“…This result indicates that the fraction of fine particles represents a significant portion of PM 10 mass in both sites, similar to other urban centers and areas practicing biomass burning. [45][46][47][48] In addition, fine and ultrafine particles have diesel exhaust as a significant source in urban area, and these are the ones with the highest potential to cause cardio-respiratory diseases. 49,50 In order to examine the behavior of the atmospheric particulate matter, mass size distributions ( Figure 1) and mass concentrations of PM 10 and PM 2.5 were related with the set of meteorological data, which are presented in Table 2.…”

Section: Particulate Matter Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size-segregated particulate matter and carboxylic acids over urban and rural sites in Londrina City, Brazil

Freitas¹,

Martins

Solci³

2012

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Amostragens simultâneas de material particulado (PM) de 0,25 a 10 mm foram realizadas entre os meses de março e abril de 2007 em área urbana e rural de Londrina (Paraná). Os resultados indicaram que o material particulado fino (PM 2,5 ) representa uma significativa porção da massa de material particulado PM 10 (70 e 67% na área urbana e rural, respectivamente). Ácidos dicarboxílicos foram encontrados em maior concentração respondendo por 78% e 69% da massa de PM 2,5 na área urbana e rural, respectivamente, sendo que o oxalato e succinato foram os mais abundantes. A distribuição de massa do oxalato em área urbana apresentou picos dominantes em 0,25-0,5 µm. A razão de massa de acetato e formato indicou as emissões veiculares primarias como fonte dominante de ácidos carboxílicos em Londrina. Além disso, análises das trajetórias indicaram a ocorrência de transporte de poluentes do estado de São Paulo para a região de estudo.Samplings of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) from 0.25 to 10 µm were performed between the months of March and April 2007, simultaneously in urban and rural areas of Londrina City (Paraná State, Brazil). Results indicated that the fine fraction (PM 2.5 ) represents a significant portion of the PM 10 mass (70 and 67% in urban and rural areas, respectively). Dicarboxylic acids were found in larger concentration, contributing to the PM 2.5 fraction with 78% in urban and 69% in rural areas, being oxalate and succinate the most abundant species. Mass size distribution of oxalate in urban site was presented as the dominant mode, with peaks at 0.25-0.5 µm. Acetate-to-formate mass ratio indicated the primary vehicular emissions as dominant source of carboxylic acids in Londrina. Moreover, backward trajectories indicated the transport of pollutants from São Paulo State to Londrina region.Keywords: size-segregated particulate matter, carboxylic acids, PM 2.5 , urban and rural aerosols IntroductionThe occurrence and abundance of carboxylic acids in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) depend on meteorological conditions and characteristics of the ambient. The carboxylic acids represent a major fraction of the organic acids present in the atmospheric particulate matter. Among them, the oxalic acid has been the main species, followed by succinic and malonic acids. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Mono-and di-carboxylic acids are important groups of organic compounds identified in the atmospheric particles. 7,8 Formic and acetic acids, the dominant species of organic acids in tropospheric aqueous and gaseous phases, are also ubiquitous in aerosol particles. Oxalic acid has been detected as the major fraction of water-soluble organic compounds in urban, rural and even in remote areas. [3][4][5][6] Since carboxylic acids are highly water-soluble, they have the potential to modify the hygroscopic properties of atmospheric particles, including their ambient size and cloud condensation nuclei activity. 9,10 Weak organic acids could contribute ca. 40 and 60% to the free acidity in precipitation in urban and remote areas, respe...

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Vehicular particulate matter emissions in road tunnels in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Cited by 104 publications

References 34 publications

Physical–chemical characterisation of the particulate matter inside two road tunnels in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area

Physical–chemical characterisation of the particulate matter inside two road tunnels in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area

Air quality forecasting system for Southeastern Brazil

Size-segregated particulate matter and carboxylic acids over urban and rural sites in Londrina City, Brazil

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