Velocity-dependent fluctuations: Breaking the randomness of Brownian motion

Speed-Dependent Weighting of the Maxwellian Distribution in Rarefied Gases: A Second-Law Paradox?

“…These results also obtain for an (N > 1)-molecule Knudsen gas considering only gas-molecule/gas-molecule collisions-not considering gas-molecule/wall (or gas-molecule/EBR-photon) collisions. 30 Although of less importance than Refs. [9][10][11], perhaps it is worthwhile to note that the factor of 2 1/2 in Refs.…”

“…28 See footnotes 19, 20, and 23. for long-even neglecting (i) and (ii) immediately above. 29,30 For a dense-idealgas molecule with |v| |v| mw , at least approximately, l(|v|) ∝ |v|, implying that the mean free time t = l(|v|)/|v| is at least approximately independent of |v|-even neglecting (i) and (ii) immediately above. 31 [Of course, the three immediately preceding sentences apply even more strongly for a (condensed-matter) box 29 The collision frequency and mean free path at TEQ of a molecule in a dense ideal [d L l L (recall Refs.…”

“…29,30 For a dense-idealgas molecule with |v| |v| mw , at least approximately, l(|v|) ∝ |v|, implying that the mean free time t = l(|v|)/|v| is at least approximately independent of |v|-even neglecting (i) and (ii) immediately above. 31 [Of course, the three immediately preceding sentences apply even more strongly for a (condensed-matter) box 29 The collision frequency and mean free path at TEQ of a molecule in a dense ideal [d L l L (recall Refs. [1,2])] gas moving at laboratory-frame thermal speed |v|− 1 2 d|v| ≤ |v| ≤ |v|+ 1 2 d|v| through this gas is derived in, for example:…”

“…58 Reference [30] (see especially Appendix A and footnotes 6 and 7, and references cited therein); Ref. [31] is an Erratum for Ref.…”

Infrared Cloaking, Stealth, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

“…Gordon [39][40][41][42] and J. Denur [43][44][45][46]. By the mid-1990s, the number and variety of challenges mushroomed as multiple research teams entered the field, includingČápek et al [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61], Allahverdyan and Nieuwenhuizen [62][63][64][65][66], Berger [67,68], Crosignani et al [69][70][71][72][73], Keefe [74][75][76], Nikulov and Dubonos et al [77][78][79], and Miller [80].…”