Velocity Measurement Techniques for Liquid Metal Flows

Eckert, Sven; Cramer, A.; Gerbeth, Günter

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4833-3_17

Cited by 59 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(79 reference statements)

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“…Ultrasound velocimetry was developed and first used in water 8,9 and has since been applied to liquid metals including gallium 10,11 , sodium 12,13 , mercury 14 , lead-bismuth 15 , copper-tin 15 , and lead-lithium 16 , among others. Eckert et al provide a useful review of velocimetry in liquid metals 17 . the general difficulty of working at such temperatures, a surrogate system has been chosen for initial study: a liquid metal battery may also be made using sodium as the negative electrode, eutectic 44% lead 56% bismuth (hereafter, ePbBi) as the positive electrode, and a triple eutectic mix of sodium salts (10% sodium iodide, 38% sodium hydroxide, 52% sodium amide) as the electrolyte.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode

Perez

Kelley

2015

JoVE

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A growing number of electrochemical technologies depend on fluid flow, and often that fluid is opaque. Measuring the flow of an opaque fluid is inherently more difficult than measuring the flow of a transparent fluid, since optical methods are not applicable. Ultrasound can be used to measure the velocity of an opaque fluid, not only at isolated points, but at hundreds or thousands of points arrayed along lines, with good temporal resolution. When applied to a liquid metal electrode, ultrasound velocimetry involves additional challenges: high temperature, chemical activity, and electrical conductivity. Here we describe the experimental apparatus and methods that overcome these challenges and allow the measurement of flow in a liquid metal electrode, as it conducts current, at operating temperature. Temperature is regulated within ±2 °C using a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller that powers a custom-built furnace. Chemical activity is managed by choosing vessel materials carefully and enclosing the experimental setup in an argon-filled glovebox. Finally, unintended electrical paths are carefully prevented. An automated system logs control settings and experimental measurements, using hardware trigger signals to synchronize devices. This apparatus and these methods can produce measurements that are impossible with other techniques, and allow optimization and control of electrochemical technologies like liquid metal batteries. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode

Perez

Kelley

2015

JoVE

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“…Only a few works, using ionic fluid with extremely strong magnetic fields [12] or analyzing the information from the surface of a liquid metal layer [16], have provided meaningful information so far. The recent development of ultrasonic velocity profiling [17,18] overcomes this problem and provides the capabilities to visualize the structure quantitatively by the line measurement of instantaneous velocity profiles. The statistical characteristics of the thermal turbulence in liquid metal layers were evaluated using the ultrasonic velocity profiling [19,20].…”

Section: A Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ultrasonic Doppler method is based upon the pulse-echo technique and delivers instantaneous profiles of the velocity component projected onto the propagation line of the ultrasonic wave, u y (y,t) and u x (x,t), respectively. Further details of the UVP and its application in liquid metal flows can be found in the relevant literature [17,18]. The vertical temperature difference applied across the fluid layer is determined by thermocouples embedded in the copper plates as Fig.…”

Section: Experimental Setup and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regular flow reversals in Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a horizontal magnetic field

et al. 2016

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Magnetohydrodynamic Rayleigh-Bénard convection was studied experimentally using a liquid metal inside a box with a square horizontal cross section and aspect ratio of five. Systematic flow measurements were performed by means of ultrasonic velocity profiling that can capture time variations of instantaneous velocity profiles. Applying a horizontal magnetic field organizes the convective motion into a flow pattern of quasi-two-dimensional rolls arranged parallel to the magnetic field. The number of rolls has the tendency to decrease with increasing Rayleigh number Ra and to increase with increasing Chandrasekhar number Q. We explored convection regimes in a parameter range, at 2 × 10 3 < Q < 10 4 and 5 × 10 3 < Ra < 3 × 10 5 , thus extending the regime diagram provided by Yanagisawa et al. [T. Yanagisawa et al., Phys. Rev. E 88, 063020 (2013)]. Three regimes were identified, of which the regime of regular flow reversals in which five rolls periodically change the direction of their circulation with gradual skew of the roll axes can be considered as the most remarkable one. The regime appears around a range of Ra/Q = 10, where irregular flow reversals were observed in Yanagisawa et al. We performed the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis on the spatiotemporal velocity distribution and detected that the regular flow reversals can be interpreted as a periodic emergence of a four-roll state in a dominant five-roll state. The POD analysis also provides the definition of the effective number of rolls as a more objective approach.

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“…This is restricted to zones without bubbles because of their blocking effect. A detailed description of the measuring principle can be found in [10,11]. For the present study, specially manufactured sensor arrays (Richter Sensor & Transducer Technology) were used operating at an emission frequency of 8 MHz.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined experimental and numerical analysis of a bubbly liquid metal flow

Krull

Strumpf

Keplinger

et al. 2017

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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Abstract. The paper proposes a combined experimental and numerical procedure for the investigation of bubbly liquid-metal flows. It describes the application to a model configuration consisting of a recirculating GaInSn flow driven by an argon bubble chain. The experimental methods involve X-ray measurements to detect the bubbles and UDV measurements to gain velocity information about the liquid metal. The chosen numerical method is an immersed boundary method extended to deformable bubbles. The model configuration includes typical phenomena occurring in industrial applications and allows insight into the physics of bubbly liquid-metal flows. It constitutes an attractive test case for assessing further experimental and numerical methods.

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Velocity Measurement Techniques for Liquid Metal Flows

Cited by 59 publications

References 59 publications

Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode

Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode

Regular flow reversals in Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a horizontal magnetic field

Combined experimental and numerical analysis of a bubbly liquid metal flow

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