Venom-Induced Immunosuppression: An Overview of Hemocyte-Mediated Responses

Er, Aylin; Sak, Olga; Ergın, Ekrem; Uçkan, Fevzi; Rivers, David

doi:10.1155/2011/276376

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 115 publications

(221 reference statements)

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“…We infer that the amount of venom components injected by A. japonica at every normal parasitism is high enough to kill the host larva. Although it has been reported that some ectoparasitoid species possess highly poisonous venoms, such toxic venom is rare in endoparasitoids (Rivers et al., ; Er et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

VENOM COMPONENTS OF Asobara japonica IMPAIR CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSES OF HOST Drosophila melanogaster

Furihata

Matsumoto

Kimura

et al. 2013

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

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The endoparasitoid wasp Asobara japonica has highly poisonous venom: the host Drosophila larvae are killed by envenomation at a dose that is naturally injected by the female wasp at parasitism. This insecticidal venom is neutralized, however, because A. japonica introduces lateral oviduct components soon after venom injection at oviposition. Although the venom and lateral oviduct components of this parasitoid have been partially characterized, how the venom components favor successful development of wasp eggs and larvae in the host remains ambiguous. Here, we demonstrated that A. japonica venom did not affect host humoral immune responses, determined as expression of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes, but significantly diminished two cellular responses, spreading and phagocytosis, by host hemocytes. Moreover, venom components drastically elevated a serine protease-like activity 4 h after its injection. The lateral oviduct components did not negate the detrimental effects of the venom on host cellular immunities, but significantly reduced the venom-induced elevation of protease activity. Both active factors in venom and lateral oviduct components were roughly characterized as heat-labile substances with a molecular mass of at least 10 kDa. Finally, venom of A. japonica, with a wide host range, was found to be much more toxic than that of Asobara rossica, which has a limited host range. These results reveal that A. japonica venom toxicity allows exploitation of a broader range of host insects because it is essential to overcome cellular immune responses of the host for successful parasitism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

VENOM COMPONENTS OF Asobara japonica IMPAIR CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSES OF HOST Drosophila melanogaster

Furihata

Matsumoto

Kimura

et al. 2013

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

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“…There are reports informing that fungal pathogens, e.g., Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana or parasitic wasps, e.g., Pimpla turionellae and Pteromalus puparum developed mechanisms which affect cytoskeleton organization of hemocytes. This enables them to overcome cellular immune response and effective dissemination in host . Other types of hemocytes, namely Oe, containing the cytoplasmic form of phenol oxidase, do not adhere to foreign bodies, likewise spherulocytes and prohemocytes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Galleria mellonella hemocytes destruction after infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Mizerska-Dudka

Andrejko

2013

J. Basic Microbiol.

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The influence of infection with an entomopathogenic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Galleria mellonella hemocytes was investigated. Extensive bacteriaemia developed 18 h after infection. This was correlated with significant changes in morphology, viability and the spreading ability of immunocompetent hemocytes, namely granulocytes and plasmatocytes. Since bacteriaemia developed, membrane blebbing, cytoplasm vacuolization, cell and organelle swelling, and chromatin condensation were observed among others. These features are typical for apoptotic and autophagal cell death. A gradually increasing level of procaspase and its activation as well as lack of DNA degradation were also detected. Propidium iodide and acridine orange staining indicated that hemocytes become dead ultimately. Infection of G. mellonella larvae with P. aeruginosa also caused significant changes in the arrangement of the actin cytoskeleton in the hemocytes, which might be correlated with their restricted spreading ability.

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“…However, our initial observations do not answer the question how the varieties of host immune responses interact with each other in the complicated parasitic process. In addition, the immune responses were induced by venom from the parasitoid in several Lepidoptera host—Hymenoptera parasitic wasp systems (Er et al., ), whereas it is unknown that what were working as the regulatory signals and how they worked in our subjects, thus in the M . alternatus ‐ D .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The humoral responses refer to the production of antimicrobial peptides, complement‐like proteins, reactive intermediates of oxygen or nitrogen, and the complex enzymatic cascades that regulate coagulation and melanization of hemolymph (Alves et al., ). The cellular responses in contrast involve phagocytosis, nodulation, and encapsulation that are mediated by hemocytes (Er et al., ). However, there is an overlap between humoral and cellular responses, since many humoral factors regulate hemocyte activity and hemocytes are important sources of many humoral defense molecules (Strand, ; Er et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cellular responses in contrast involve phagocytosis, nodulation, and encapsulation that are mediated by hemocytes (Er et al., ). However, there is an overlap between humoral and cellular responses, since many humoral factors regulate hemocyte activity and hemocytes are important sources of many humoral defense molecules (Strand, ; Er et al., ). Researches about immune response of insect against parasitism were mainly conducted on Lepidopteran larvae or pupae parasitized by Hymenoptera parasitic wasps.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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IMPACT OF IMMUNE RESPONSE OF A PARASITIC BEETLE Dastarcus helophoroides ON ITS HOST BEETLE Monochamus alternatus

Fang

Liu

et al. 2015

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

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Dastarcus helophoroides is an ectoparasitoid beetle of Monochamus alternatus, and the parasitism by D. helophoroides larvae remarkably influenced on the immune responses of M. alternatus larvae in many aspects. The hemolymph melanization reactions in the hosts were inhibited 1 h and 24 h postparasitization. The phenoloxidase activities of hemolymph were significantly stimulated 4 h postparasitization and inhibited 12 h postparasitization, and back to control level. The antibacterial activities of hemolymph in the parasitized hosts were significantly lower than that in the unparasitized ones 1 h postparasitization. By 72 h postparasitism, the total hemocyte numbers of the parasitized larvae declined to not more than one-seconds of the number collected from the unparasitized larvae. All sampled hemolymph held the capability of nodulation, and there were fluctuations in the number of nodules the hemocytes made. However, there were no significant differences between unparasitized and parasitized larvae at each time point in the hemagglutination activity and the ratios of spreading hemocytes. In conclusion, D. helophoroides larvae could regulate M. alternatus immune system and resulted in the changes in host immune responses.

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Venom-Induced Immunosuppression: An Overview of Hemocyte-Mediated Responses

Cited by 15 publications

References 115 publications

VENOM COMPONENTS OF Asobara japonica IMPAIR CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSES OF HOST Drosophila melanogaster

VENOM COMPONENTS OF Asobara japonica IMPAIR CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSES OF HOST Drosophila melanogaster

Galleria mellonella hemocytes destruction after infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa

IMPACT OF IMMUNE RESPONSE OF A PARASITIC BEETLE Dastarcus helophoroides ON ITS HOST BEETLE Monochamus alternatus

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