Venomous animals: clinical toxinology

White, Julian

doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_7

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 172 publications

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“…The combination of renal failure due to AKI and hyperkaliemia inadequately controlled by peritoneal dialysis is a known cause of fatal cardiac events in snakebite. 2,3 Thus, this case is entirely consistent with snakebite, and relevantly, particularly with D. russelii envenoming.…”

supporting

confidence: 74%

Reply to Vikrant and Verma about “Monitor Lizard Envenoming”

White

Weinstein

2015

Renal Failure

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supporting

confidence: 74%

Reply to Vikrant and Verma about “Monitor Lizard Envenoming”

White

Weinstein

2015

Renal Failure

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“…According to Souza [ 45 ] and Lima et al [ 23 ], the increase of urea is possibly the result of deposition of fibrin clots in the kidneys due to the action of thrombin-like serine proteinases present in Lachesis venom, which promotes thrombin cleavage into fibrinogen and fibrin clots. The venom-induced renal damage could also be a consequence of the myoglobin deposit in the kidney, since the venom is myotoxic, or due to periods of renal hypotension [ 29 , 46 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Lachesis muta rhombeata envenomation and effects of soursop (Annona muricata) as natural antivenom

Cremonez

Leite

Bordon

et al. 2016

J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis

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BackgroundIn the Atlantic forest of the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, local population often uses the fruit juice and the aqueous extract of leaves of soursop (Annona muricata L.) to treat Lachesis muta rhombeata envenomation. Envenomation is a relevant health issue in these areas, especially due to its severity and because the production and distribution of antivenom is limited in these regions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relevance of the use of soursop leaf extract and its juice against envenomation by Lachesis muta rhombeata.MethodsWe evaluated the biochemical, hematological and hemostatic parameters, the blood pressure, the inflammation process and the lethality induced by Lachesis muta rhombeata snake venom. We also assessed the action of the aqueous extract of leaves (AmL) and juice (AmJ) from A. muricata on the animal organism injected with L. m. rhombeata venom (LmrV) in the laboratory environment.ResultsLmrV induced a decrease of total protein, albumin and glucose; and increase of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and urea concentrations. It provoked hemoconcentration followed by reduction of hematocrit, an increase in prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time and a decrease of the blood pressure. LmrV induced the release of interleukin-6, an increase in neutrophils and changes in the serum protein profile, characteristic of the acute inflammatory process. LD50 values were similar for the groups injected with LmrV and treated or untreated with AmJ and AmL. Both treatments play a role on the maintenance of blood glucose, urea and coagulation parameters and exert a protective action against the myotoxicity. However, they seem to worsen the hypotension caused by LmrV.ConclusionThe treatments with AmJ and AmL present some beneficial actions, but they might intensify some effects of the venom. Therefore, additional studies on A. muricata are necessary to enable its use as natural antivenom for bushmaster snakebite.

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“…In India only bites of big four snakes are treated by administering polyvalent antivenoms and no *Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-57006, Karnataka, India; E-mail: vishmy@yahoo.co.uk antivenoms available for the bite of other venomous snakes. Further, antivenoms are able to reduce mortality, but their use has several inherent problems including serum sickness, anaphylactic reactions and inability to neutralize hemorrhage, local tissue necrosis and nephrotoxicity [3][4][5][6][7][8]. Thus, management of severe local toxicities induced by some of the endemic snakebites is a serious concern that needs to be addressed systematically.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Major Zinc Containing Myonecrotic and Procoagulant Metalloprotease ‘Malabarin’ from Non Lethal Trimeresurus malabaricus Snake Venom with Thrombin Like Activity: Its Neutralization by Chelating Agents

Gowda¹,

Shivaprasad

Kumar³

et al. 2011

CTMC

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A major myonecrotic zinc containing metalloprotease 'malabarin' with thrombin like activity was purified by the combination of gel permeation and anion exchange chromatography from T. malabaricus snake venom. MALDI-TOF analysis of malabarin indicated a molecular mass of 45.76 kDa and its N-terminal sequence was found to be Ile-Ile-Leu- Pro(Leu)-Ile-Gly-Val-Ile-Leu(Glu)-Thr-Thr. Atomic absorption spectral analysis of malabarin raveled the association of zinc metal ion. Malabarin is not lethal when injected i.p. or i.m. but causes extensive hemorrhage and degradation of muscle tissue within 24 hours. Sections of muscle tissue under light microscope revealed hemorrhage and congestion of blood vessel during initial stage followed by extensive muscle fiber necrosis with elevated levels of serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity. Malabarin also exhibited strong procoagulant action and its procoagulant action is due to thrombin like activity; it hydrolyzes fibrinogen to form fibrin clot. The enzyme preferentially hydrolyzes Aα followed by B subunits of fibrinogen from the N-terminal region and the released products were identified as fibrinopeptide A and fibrinopeptide B by MALDI. The myonecrotic, fibrinogenolytic and subsequent procoagulant activities of malabarin was neutralized by specific metalloprotease inhibitors such as EDTA, EGTA and 1, 10-phenanthroline but not by PMSF a specific serine protease inhibitor. Since there is no antivenom available to neutralize local toxicity caused by T. malabaricus snakebite, EDTA chelation therapy may have more clinical relevance over conventional treatment.

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Venomous animals: clinical toxinology

Cited by 20 publications

References 172 publications

Reply to Vikrant and Verma about “Monitor Lizard Envenoming”

Reply to Vikrant and Verma about “Monitor Lizard Envenoming”

Experimental Lachesis muta rhombeata envenomation and effects of soursop (Annona muricata) as natural antivenom

Characterization of Major Zinc Containing Myonecrotic and Procoagulant Metalloprotease ‘Malabarin’ from Non Lethal Trimeresurus malabaricus Snake Venom with Thrombin Like Activity: Its Neutralization by Chelating Agents

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Venomous animals: clinical toxinology

Cited by 20 publications

References 172 publications

Reply to Vikrant and Verma about “Monitor Lizard Envenoming”

Reply to Vikrant and Verma about “Monitor Lizard Envenoming”

Experimental Lachesis muta rhombeata envenomation and effects of soursop (Annona muricata) as natural antivenom

Characterization of Major Zinc Containing Myonecrotic and Procoagulant Metalloprotease &#x2018;Malabarin&#x2019; from Non Lethal Trimeresurus malabaricus Snake Venom with Thrombin Like Activity: Its Neutralization by Chelating Agents

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Characterization of Major Zinc Containing Myonecrotic and Procoagulant Metalloprotease ‘Malabarin’ from Non Lethal Trimeresurus malabaricus Snake Venom with Thrombin Like Activity: Its Neutralization by Chelating Agents