Venous drainage of the face

Onishi, Satoko; Imanishi, Nobuaki; Yoshimura, Yoko; Inoue, Yoshikazu; Sakamoto, Yoshiaki; Chang, Hak; Okumoto, Takayuki

doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2016.11.023

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…However, Onishi et al described a superficial layer polygonal venous network composed of non‐comitant veins ensuring the main drainage pathway from the dermis. The deep layer of the face consisted in a loop structure with comitant veins, before reaching the deep venous system . It suggests that small comitant veins secure the vascular drainage of axial flaps.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The infraorbital artery: From descriptive anatomy to mucosal perforator flap design

Hufschmidt¹,

Camuzard²,

Balaguer³

et al. 2019

Head & Neck

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Background: The terminal and perforating branches of the infraorbital artery (IOA) are poorly described. Its anatomical situation and mucosal component could provide an interesting donor site for mucosal reconstruction. The aims of the following study were to establish an anatomical description and to assess the feasibility of mucosal perforator flaps for eyelid and nasal reconstruction. Methods: Twenty-three fresh cadaver hemifaces were studied in order to perform an IOA anatomical classification by recording the artery's characteristics, its course, number, type, and diameter of terminal branches. We also examined the feasibility of local flaps for facial reconstruction. Results: We highlighted five different types of courses. All cadavers had at least one superior vestibular branch with a caliber of ≥0.4 mm. A pedicled flap arising from the vestibular branch was raised in all dissections. Conclusion: The vestibular perforator flap based on the IOA seems to be a reliable flap in reconstruction of mucosal defects. K E Y W O R D S eyelid repair, infraorbital artery, mucosal reconstruction, nostril repair, perforator flap

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The infraorbital artery: From descriptive anatomy to mucosal perforator flap design

Hufschmidt¹,

Camuzard²,

Balaguer³

et al. 2019

Head & Neck

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“…Due to anatomical constraints, the orientation of the tissue is relatively fixed and vein grafts or alternate anastomoses (such as arterial-venous) are frequently required. [22][23][24] Fourth, the use of venous drainage adjuncts (such as leech therapy, injection of anticoagulants, skin pricking, skin abrasion with anticoagulant wipes, or partial inset with exposed fresh wound edges) is very commonly necessary.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attempted Nose and Lip Replantation after Partial Animal Digestion

Cuellar

Westbom

Orgill

et al. 2018

J Reconstr Microsurg Open

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We report a case of a 71-year-old female patient who sustained a severe midface soft tissue avulsion injury from a family canine. The removed tissue was recovered from the canine's digestive tract and transferred to the hospital where emergent microvascular replantation was performed. The tissue survived for 72 hours, but then developed vascular compromise. Despite aggressive revision of multiple anastomoses with extensive use of vein grafting, the replanted segment was lost. Reconstruction then proceeded along traditional lines with an acceptable cosmetic outcome and good functional outcomes.

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“…24 On the other hand, the blood from the dermis of the face is collected by the polygonal venous network and enters the loop vein through the cutaneous branches after which blood flows away from the face through the superficial temporal vein, the facial vein, and the communicating branches and eventually enters the deep veins. 25 In our recent experience with microscopic near-infrared fluorescence imaging using indocyanine green, no flow was observed by venography despite patency of the anastomosis site in the empty-refill test. This may be due to anterograde anastomosis to a thick vein and retrograde anastomosis to a thinner vein.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Use of the Retrograde Recipient Vein for Additional Outflow in Free Tissue Transfer

Uemura

Kikuchi

Watanabe

et al. 2020

J Reconstr Microsurg Open

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Background The selection of appropriate recipient vessels is essential to the successful outcome of free flap transfer. To improve blood perfusion after reconstruction and reduce the risk of postoperative obstruction of flap vessels, multiple vessels should be chosen as candidate recipients. Methods For certainty of venous drainage, we have been performing venous anastomosis to the distal end of the recipient vein to utilize the reverse venous flow. Results A total of 48 cases of reconstruction of the head and neck or breast region with free flaps using retrograde venous anastomosis were performed. The method possibly improves flap circulation and the success rate of the free tissue transfer and reduces the need to extend surgery to search for multiple recipient veins. Conclusion We emphasized that retrograde limb of vein is useful as a second and/or rescued recipient in free tissue transfer. Retrograde venous anastomosis is a fine and reasonable option when appropriate recipient vessels cannot be found near the defect in the head and neck such as frozen neck or breast region.

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Venous drainage of the face

Cited by 20 publications

References 15 publications

The infraorbital artery: From descriptive anatomy to mucosal perforator flap design

The infraorbital artery: From descriptive anatomy to mucosal perforator flap design

Attempted Nose and Lip Replantation after Partial Animal Digestion

Use of the Retrograde Recipient Vein for Additional Outflow in Free Tissue Transfer

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