Venous Drainage of the Thoracic Esophagus Toward the Pulmonary Vein

Murakami, Gen; Adachi, Norihiko; Sato, Iwao; Sato, Takahiro; Hoshi, Hajime

doi:10.2535/ofaj1936.71.1_13

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The bronchial and pulmonary veins are connected through preexisting bronchial venous plexuses. It has been speculated that tracheal and bronchial varices may develop through collateral channels, which normally exist between the tracheal and esophageal venous systems [28][29][30] GASTRIC VARICES…”

Section: Venous Drainage Of Esophagusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collateral Pathways in Portal Hypertension

Sharma

Rameshbabu²

2012

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

128

104

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Presence of portosystemic collateral veins (PSCV) is common in portal hypertension due to cirrhosis. Physiologically, normal portosystemic anastomoses exist which exhibit hepatofugal flow. With the development of portal hypertension, transmission of backpressure leads to increased flow in these patent normal portosystemic anastomoses. In extrahepatic portal vein obstruction collateral circulation develops in a hepatopetal direction and portoportal pathways are frequently found. The objective of this review is to illustrate the various PSCV and portoportal collateral vein pathways pertinent to portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis and EHPVO. ( J CLIN EXP HEPATOL 2012;2:338-352) A lmost any vein in the abdomen may serve as a potential collateral channel to the systemic circulation. Presence of abnormal collateral vessels appears to be one of the most sensitive (70-83%) and specific sonographic signs for the diagnosis of portal hypertension. 1 When blood flow through a vessel or a vascular bed is obstructed due to occlusion, as in EHPVO, or distortion, as in liver cirrhosis, collateral pathways open up as blood bypasses the occlusion or obstruction, always flowing down a pressure gradient from a high pressure to a low-pressure vessel or bed. The formation of portosystemic pathways occurs due to reopening of collapsed embryonic channels or reversal of the flow within existing adult veins. 2,3 The number of collateral channels depends on the severity of portal hypertension i.e. the differential gradient driving the flow between the portal and the systemic circulations and the duration of portal hypertension. The more severe and more prolonged the portal hypertension, the higher are the number of portosystemic pathways. However, this traditional hypothesis has been challenged and it has been suggested that the formation of portosystemic collateral circulation may be due in part to angiogenesis driven by vascular endothelial growth factor. 4,5 Almost 50 years have passed since the first detailed description of portosystemic collateral veins (PSCV) in portal hypertension appeared. 6 Precise mapping of PSCV is essential to therapeutic decisions and multidetector computerized tomography (MDCT) is sometimes used for cartography of PSCV. 7 EUS is increasingly being used for evaluation of PSCV and additionally provides an option for performing therapeutic interventions. 8 In addition to PSCV, PPCV pathways are frequently found in extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO). The objective of this review is to illustrate the various PSCV and PPCV pathways pertinent to portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis and EHPVO. NORMAL PORTOSYSTEMIC ANASTOMOSESThe left gastric vein (LGV) anastomoses with the esophageal veins, which in turn drain into the azygos vein (AV). The superior rectal vein (SRV) anastomoses with the middle and inferior rectal veins (IRV), which are, respectively, tributaries of the internal iliac and the pudendal veins. The paraumbilical vein (PUV) anastomoses with subcutaneous veins in the anterior abdominal...

show abstract

Section: Venous Drainage Of Esophagusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collateral Pathways in Portal Hypertension

Sharma

Rameshbabu²

2012

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

128

104

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition, some surgeons believe that IPL preservation may be beneficial in terms of postoperative pleural fluid drainage by providing normal lymphatic drainage and channel [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. They also assert that IPL preservation may offer greater physiological benefits owing to the minimal change in the bronchial angle [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inferior Pulmonary Ligament Division May Be Unnecessary during Left Upper Lobectomy: Effects on Lung Volume, Bronchial Angle and Bronchial Tortuosity

Moon

Park

Jung

et al. 2021

JCM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The benefits of dissecting inferior pulmonary ligament (IPL) during upper lobectomy using video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for early-stage lung cancer remains controversial. This study evaluates the effect of IPL dissection by comparing the lung volume, bronchial angle, and bronchial tortuosity of the left lower lobe (LLL) during VATS upper lobectomy. Medical records of all patients who underwent VATS left upper lobectomy for early-stage lung cancer were evaluated. Patients were divided into group P (preservation) and group D (dissection). Pre- and post-surgery lung volumes, bronchial angles (angle 1: axial angulation; angle 2: vertical angulation), and bronchial tortuosity (curvature index of the left main bronchus) were measured using computed tomography images for comparison. Forty patients were included in each group. Patient characteristics such as age, gender, body mass index, and smoking status, and preoperative lung volume, bronchial angles, and tortuosity were not significantly different between the two groups, and there was no statistically significant difference in the axial and vertical angulations; however, the change in pre- and postoperative bronchial tortuosity (0.03 ± 0.03 vs. 0.06 ± 0.03) and lung volume (−558.1 ± 410.0 mL vs. −736.3 ± 382.7 mL) showed a significant difference (p < 0.001 and p = 0.04, respectively). Preservation of IPLs during left upper lobectomy may be beneficial for LLL expansion and induces less movement and positional change in the left main bronchus.

show abstract

Radio-anatomy of the superior vena cava syndrome and therapeutic orientations

Lacout¹,

Marcy

Thariat

et al. 2012

Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) groups all the signs secondary to the obstruction of superior vena cava drainage and the increase in the venous pressure in the territories upstream. There are two major causes of SVCS: malignant, dominated by bronchopulmonary cancer, and benign, often secondary to the presence of poorly positioned implantable venous devices. CT scan is the key examination for the exploration of SVCS. It specifies the characteristics of the stenosis, its aetiology and detects collateral venous routes. Scannography reconstructions provide a true map of the obstacle, indispensable in planning the endovascular treatment.

show abstract

Venous Drainage of the Thoracic Esophagus Toward the Pulmonary Vein

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

Collateral Pathways in Portal Hypertension

Collateral Pathways in Portal Hypertension

Inferior Pulmonary Ligament Division May Be Unnecessary during Left Upper Lobectomy: Effects on Lung Volume, Bronchial Angle and Bronchial Tortuosity

Radio-anatomy of the superior vena cava syndrome and therapeutic orientations

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About