Ventilation Modulation and Nanoparticle Deposition in Respiratory and Olfactory Regions of Rabbit Nose

Xi, Jinxiang; Talaat, Mohamed; Si, Xiuhua; Dong, Haibo; Donepudi, Ramesh; Kabilan, Senthil; Corley, Richard A.

doi:10.3390/ani9121107

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The rabbit nose has a very complex structure (Xi et al., 2019) showing the high olfaction acuity (Negus, 1954). Rabbits rely upon their olfactory system (e.g.…”

Section: Assessment Of Scenario 3: Road Transport Of Rabbitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Welfare of domestic birds and rabbits transported in containers

Nielsen¹,

Álvarez²,

Bicout³

et al. 2022

EFS2

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This opinion, produced upon a request from the European Commission, focuses on transport of domestic birds and rabbits in containers (e.g. any crate, box, receptacle or other rigid structure used for the transport of animals, but not the means of transport itself). It describes and assesses current transport practices in the EU, based on data from literature, Member States and expert opinion. The species and categories of domestic birds assessed were mainly chickens for meat (broilers), end-of-lay hens and dayold chicks. They included to a lesser extent pullets, turkeys, ducks, geese, quails and game birds, due to limited scientific evidence. The opinion focuses on road transport to slaughterhouses or to production sites. For day-old chicks, air transport is also addressed. The relevant stages of transport considered are preparation, loading, journey, arrival and uncrating. Welfare consequences associated with current transport practices were identified for each stage. For loading and uncrating, the highly relevant welfare consequences identified are handling stress, injuries, restriction of movement and sensory overstimulation. For the journey and arrival, injuries, restriction of movement, sensory overstimulation, motion stress, heat stress, cold stress, prolonged hunger and prolonged thirst are identified as highly relevant. For each welfare consequence, animal-based measures (ABMs) and hazards were identified and assessed, and both preventive and corrective or mitigative measures proposed. Recommendations on quantitative criteria to prevent or mitigate welfare consequences are provided for microclimatic conditions, space allowances and journey times for all categories of animals, where scientific evidence and expert opinion support such outcomes.

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“…The rabbit nose has a very complex structure (Xi et al., 2019) showing the high olfaction acuity (Negus, 1954). Rabbits rely upon their olfactory system (e.g.…”

Section: Assessment Of Scenario 3: Road Transport Of Rabbitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, the olfactory region can be susceptible to infectious diseases and toxic damage (Xi et al., 2019). The exposure to the automotive exhaust fumes can cause ultrastructural‐changes of the brain (Yoshino et al., 1981).…”

Section: Assessment Of Scenario 3: Road Transport Of Rabbitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Welfare of domestic birds and rabbits transported in containers

Nielsen¹,

Álvarez²,

Bicout³

et al. 2022

EFS2

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“…It has been used to compare respiratory function in brachycephalic patients (before and after surgery for the brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome) ( 15 , 16 ) and the evaluation of transport, distribution, and deposition of inhaled salbutamol particles in upper and lower airways in cats ( 15 ). Other studies focused on respiratory anatomy and respiratory physiology of animals, for example in bats ( 16 ), rabbits ( 17 , 18 ), rats ( 19–21 ), pigs ( 22 ), mice ( 23 ), wild cats ( 24 ), dogs ( 25 , 26 ), deer ( 27 ) and monkeys ( 19 , 28 ) or for setting up animal models for human medicine ( 29 , 30 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational fluid dynamics comparison of the upper airway velocity, pressure, and resistance in cats using an endotracheal tube or a supraglottic airway device

Zamora-Perarnau,

Malvè,

Fernández-Parra

2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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IntoductionIn veterinary medicine, airway management of cats under general anesthesia is performed with an endotracheal tube (ETT) or supraglottic airway device (SGAD). This study aims to describe the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to assess the velocities, pressures, and resistances of cats with ETT or SGAD.MethodsA geometrical reconstruction model of the device, trachea, and lobar bronchi was carried out from computed tomography (CT) scans that include the head, neck, and thorax. Twenty CT scans of cats under general anesthesia using ETT (n = 10) and SGAD (n = 10) were modeled and analyzed. An inspiratory flow of 2.4 L/min was imposed in each model and velocity (m/s), general and regional pressures (cmH2O) were computed. General resistance (cmH2O/L/min) was calculated using differential pressure differences between the device inlet and lobar bronchi. Additionally, regional resistances were calculated at the device’s connection with the breathing circuit (region A), at the glottis area for the SGAD, and the area of the ETT exit (bevel) (region B) and the device itself (region C).ResultsRecirculatory flow and high velocities were found at the ETT’s bevel and at the glottis level in the SGAD group. The pressure gradient (Δp) was more enhanced in the ETT cases compared with the SGAD cases, where the pressure change was drastic. In region A, the Δp was higher in the ETT group, while in regions B and C, it was higher in the SGAD group. The general resistance was not statistically significant between groups (p = 0.48). Higher resistances were found at the region A (p = <0.001) in the ETT group. In contrast, the resistance was higher in the SGAD cases at the region B (p = 0.001).DiscussionOverall, the provided CT-based CFD analysis demonstrated regional changes in airway pressure and resistance between ETT and SGAD during anesthetic flow conditions. Correct selection of the airway device size is recommended to avoid upper airway obstruction or changes in flow parameters.

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“…Additionally, breathing conditions affect the transport and the deposition of particles in the airways with higher flow rates tending to increase deposition for larger particle sizes (31). In animals, limited studies in rabbits, rats, monkeys and mice have investigated transport and deposition of aerosolized particles in the nasal and upper airways (33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38). Specifically in cats, data on the behavior of different aerosolized particle sizes with different peak inspiratory flows has yet to be reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salbutamol transport and deposition in healthy cat airways under different breathing conditions and particle sizes

Fernández-Parra

Pey²,

Reinero

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Salbutamol is a bronchodilatator commonly used for the treatment of feline inflammatory lower airway disease, including asthma or acute bronchospasm. As in humans, a pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) is used in conjunction with a spacer and a spherical mask to facilitate salbutamol administration. However, efficacy of inhalation therapy is influenced by different factors including the non-cooperative character of cats. In this study, the goal was to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze the impact of breathing patterns and salbutamol particle size on overall drug transport and deposition using a specific spherical mask and spacer designed for cats. A model incorporating three-dimensional cat airway geometry, a commercially available spherical mask, and a 10 cm spacer, was used for CFD analysis. Two peak inspiratory flows were tested: 30 mL/s and 126 mL/s. Simulations were performed with 30s breathing different inspiratory and expiratory times, respiratory frequencies and peaks. Droplet spray transport and deposition were simulated with different particle sizes typical of the drug delivery therapies (1, 5, 10, and 15 μm). The percentage of particle deposition into the device and upper airways decreased with increasing particle diameter during both flows imposed in this cat model. During increased mean ventilatory rate (MVR) conditions, most of the salbutamol was lost in the upper airways. And during decreased MVR conditions, most of the particles remained in suspension (still in hold-up) between the mask and the carina, indicating the need for more than 30 s to be transported. In both flows the percentage of particles traveling to the lung was low at 1.5%–2.3%. In conclusion, in contrast to what has been described in the human literature, the results from this feline model suggest that the percentage of particles deposited on the upper airway decreases with increasing particle diameter.

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Ventilation Modulation and Nanoparticle Deposition in Respiratory and Olfactory Regions of Rabbit Nose

Cited by 5 publications

References 67 publications

Welfare of domestic birds and rabbits transported in containers

Welfare of domestic birds and rabbits transported in containers

Computational fluid dynamics comparison of the upper airway velocity, pressure, and resistance in cats using an endotracheal tube or a supraglottic airway device

Salbutamol transport and deposition in healthy cat airways under different breathing conditions and particle sizes

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