Ventilatory interaction between hypoxia and hypercapnia in piglets shortly after birth

Wolsink, J G; Berkenbosch, A.; DeGoede, J.; Olievier, C.N.

doi:10.1016/0034-5687(94)90103-1

Respiration Physiology

1994

DOI: 10.1016/0034-5687(94)90103-1

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Ventilatory interaction between hypoxia and hypercapnia in piglets shortly after birth

J G Wolsink

A. Berkenbosch

J. DeGoede

et al.

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Cited by 7 publications

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“…increased CO 2 chemosensitivity at increasing levels of hypoxia, has been described in carotid and aortic nerve recordings (7,8,16) and in ventilatory responses in animals (17, 18) and adult humans (19). Whether interaction between PCO 2 and PO 2 is present at birth and whether it increases postnatally differs from one species to another (7,16,20 …”

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Development of Ventilatory Response to Transient Hypercapnia and Hypercapnic Hypoxia in Term Infants

Søvik

Lossius

2004

Pediatr Res

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Whereas peripheral chemoreceptor oxygen sensitivity increases markedly after birth, previous studies of ventilatory responses to CO 2 in term infants have shown no postnatal development. However, the hypercapnic challenges applied have usually been long-term, which meant that the effect of central chemoreceptors dominated. Oscillatory breathing, apneas, and sighs cause transient PCO 2 changes, probably primarily stimulating peripheral chemoreceptors. We wanted to assess whether the immediate ventilatory responses to step changes in inspired CO 2 and O 2 in term infants undergo postnatal developmental changes. Twenty-six healthy term infants were studied during natural sleep 2 d and 8 wk postnatally. Ventilatory responses to a randomized sequence of 15 s hypercapnia (3% CO 2 ), hypoxia (15% O 2 ), and hypercapnic hypoxia (3% CO 2 ϩ 15% O 2 ) were recorded breath-by-breath using a pneumotachometer. Response rate, stimulus-response time, and response magnitude were analyzed with ANOVA after coherent averaging. Response rate increased with age by 30% (hypercapnia), 318% (hypoxia), and 302% (hypercapnic hypoxia). Response rate during hypercapnic hypoxia exceeded rate during hypercapnia plus rate during hypoxia in wk 8, but not on d 2. Time to half-maximum response decreased by 3.4 s with age for the two hypercapnic stimuli but was unchanged for hypoxia. Response magnitude was unchanged for hypercapnia, but increased for the two hypoxic stimuli. In conclusion, an interaction between the effects of hypercapnia and hypoxia on ventilatory response rate emerged between postnatal d 2 and wk 8 in term infants. Concomitantly, stimulus-response time to hypercapnic stimuli declined markedly. Peripheral and central chemoreceptors are crucial for the precise control of respiration. The carotid, aortic, and central chemoreceptors are functional even in fetal life (1, 2), but the transition to continuous breathing calls for rapid adjustments. The marked increase in arterial PO 2 at birth brings about a corresponding resetting of carotid and aortic chemoreceptor O 2 sensitivity, which takes place during the first postnatal days and weeks (1,(3)(4)(5). In contrast, studies of postnatal CO 2 chemosensitivity show divergent results. Steady-state CO 2 sensitivity increased after birth in some (6 -8) but not all species (9). Preterm infants displayed an age-related increase in steady-state CO 2 sensitivity (10, 11), whereas term infants showed no such postnatal development (12, 13). Dynamic CO 2 sensitivity was unchanged during the first month in neonatal lambs (8,14), whereas in piglets the relative contribution of peripheral chemoreceptors to CO 2 stimulation increased postnatally (15).Ultimately, the combined effects of PCO 2 , arterial PO 2 , and pH determine the level of ventilation. Nonlinear interaction between PCO 2 and PO 2 , i.e. increased CO 2 chemosensitivity at increasing levels of hypoxia, has been described in carotid and aortic nerve recordings (7,8,16) and in ventilatory responses in animals (17, 18) and adult humans (1...

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Development of Ventilatory Response to Transient Hypercapnia and Hypercapnic Hypoxia in Term Infants

Søvik

Lossius

2004

Pediatr Res

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Postnatal maturation of breathing stability and loop gain: The role of carotid chemoreceptor development

Edwards

Sands

Berger

2013

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

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Ventilatory and arousal responses to respiratory stimuli of full term, intrauterine growth restricted lambs

Moss¹,

Harding²

2001

Respiration Physiology

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Ventilatory interaction between hypoxia and hypercapnia in piglets shortly after birth

Cited by 7 publications

References 19 publications

Development of Ventilatory Response to Transient Hypercapnia and Hypercapnic Hypoxia in Term Infants

Development of Ventilatory Response to Transient Hypercapnia and Hypercapnic Hypoxia in Term Infants

Postnatal maturation of breathing stability and loop gain: The role of carotid chemoreceptor development

Ventilatory and arousal responses to respiratory stimuli of full term, intrauterine growth restricted lambs

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