Ventilatory Response to Carbon Dioxide in Newborn Infants

Krauss, Alfred N.; Klain, David B.; Waldman, Stephanie; Auld, Peter A. M.

doi:10.1097/00006254-197510000-00011

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Early reports in humans indicated that the ventilatory response to CO 2 was reduced in premature infants (the infants had a limited respiratory frequency (FR) response to increased CO 2 , but a more substantial tidal volume (VT) response). The ventilatory response to CO 2 increased as the infants matured (Krauss et al, 1975;Rigatto et al, 1975;Frantz et al, 1976). In term infants, the ventilatory response to CO 2 may increase slightly over the first 8 weeks of life, but the newborn response (P2; postnatal day 2) is close to the mature value (Søvik and Lossius, 2004).…”

Section: The Acute Response To Hypercapniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal maturation of the hypercapnic ventilatory response and central neural CO2 chemosensitivity

Putnam

Conrad

Gdovin

et al. 2005

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The ventilatory response to CO 2 changes as a function of neonatal development. In rats, a ventilatory response to CO 2 is present in the first 5 days of life, but this ventilatory response to CO 2 wanes and reaches its lowest point around postnatal day 8. Subsequently, the ventilatory response to CO 2 rises towards adult levels. Similar patterns in the ventilatory response to CO 2 are seen in some other species, although some animals do not exhibit all of these phases. Different developmental patterns of the ventilatory response to CO 2 may be related to the state of development of the animal at birth. The triphasic pattern of responsiveness (early decline, a nadir, and subsequent achievement of adult levels of responsiveness) may arise from the development of several processes, including central neural mechanisms, gas exchange, the neuromuscular junction, respiratory muscles and respiratory mechanics. We only discuss central neural mechanisms here, including altered CO 2 sensitivity of neurons among the various sites of central CO 2 chemosensitivity, changes in astrocytic function during development, the maturation of electrical and chemical synaptic mechanisms (both inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms) or changes in the integration of chemosensory information originating from peripheral and multiple central CO 2 chemosensory sites. Among these central processes, the maturation of synaptic mechanisms seems most important and the relative maturation of synaptic processes may also determine how plastic the response to CO 2 is at any particular age.

show abstract

Section: The Acute Response To Hypercapniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal maturation of the hypercapnic ventilatory response and central neural CO2 chemosensitivity

Putnam

Conrad

Gdovin

et al. 2005

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The ventilatory response to a single hypercapnic exposure has been extensively studied and is diminished in apneic preterm infants [2,3] and during early postnatal life in both preterm infants and rat pups [4][5][6] . The characteristic increase in tidal volume is accompanied by a decrease in respiratory frequency during hypercapnic exposure in preterm infants [7,8] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Intermittent Hypercapnia on Respiratory Control in Rat Pups

et al. 2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Preterm infants are subject to fluctuations in blood gas status associated with immature respiratory control. Intermittent hypoxia during early postnatal life has been shown to increase chemoreceptor sensitivity and destabilize the breathing pattern; however, intermittent hypercapnia remains poorly studied. Therefore, to test the hypothesis that intermittent hypercapnia results in altered respiratory control, we examined the effects of daily exposure to intermittent hypercapnia on the ventilatory response to subsequent hypercapnic and hypoxic exposure in neonatal rat pups. Exposure cycles consisted of 5 min of intermittent hypercapnia (5% CO₂, 21% O₂, balance N₂) followed by 10 min of normoxia. Rat pups were exposed to 18 exposure cycles each day for 1 week, from postnatal day 7 to 14. We analyzed diaphragm electromyograms (EMGs) from pups exposed to subsequent acute hypercapnic (5% CO₂) and hypoxic (12% O₂) challenges. In response to a subsequent hypercapnia challenge, there was no significant difference in the ventilatory response between control and intermittent hypercapnia-exposed groups. In contrast, intermittent hypercapnia-exposed rat pups showed an enhanced ventilatory response to hypoxic challenge with an increase in minute EMG to 118 ± 14% of baseline versus 107 ± 13% for control pups (p < 0.05). We speculate that prior hypercapnic exposure may increase peripheral chemoreceptor response to subsequent hypoxic exposures and result in perturbed neonatal respiratory control.

show abstract

“…The mature respiratory response to hypoxia consisting of a sustained hyperpnoea is not seen until the end of the first week in the human infant (Brady & Ceruti, 1966) or until 6 weeks in the kitten (Schweiler, 1968). The sensitivity of the respiratory response to inhaled CO2 whether measured under steady-state conditions (Rigatto, Brady & Torre Verduzco, 1975;Krauss, Klain, Waldman & Auld, 1975;Frantz, Adler, Thach & Taeusch, 1976), or as the pressure generated by occlusion at end-expiration ) is reported to increase with post-natal age while it is only from about the 20th day after birth that the respiratory response to CO2 is more marked in non-rapid eye movement (r.e.m. ) sleep than in r.e.m.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of stability of respiration in human infants: changes in ventilatory responses to spontaneous sighs.

Fleming¹,

Gonçalves²,

Levine³

et al. 1984

The Journal of Physiology

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY1. Serial respiratory recordings using impedance pneumography and barometric plethysmography were made from shortly after birth to 7 months in fifteen normal full-term infants. Each recording was made with the infant asleep and sleep state was estimated from records of electroencephalogram and electro-oculogram made in parallel.2. The respiratory records obtained during non-rapid eye movement (r.e.m.) sleep were analysed with computer assistance and stretches of the record, approximately 1 min before and up to 2 min after a spontaneous sigh and ensuing apnoeic pause, were processed and presented as sequential values of the fractional deviation of '. the breath by breath minute volume, from the mean. That part of the sequence which represented the respiratory response to the sigh was then fitted with second order equations representing the critically or underdamped response. The results were presented for each curve in terms of 6, the damping ratio and Wn, the frequency of the undamped respiratory oscillation.3. Three-quarters of the responses could be so fitted with an error of 20 % or less.The residual responses were mainly from infants within a few days of birth. In the youngest infants (4 days or less), the respiratory response to a sigh was highly stable but sluggish: during the period 4-8 days to 3-4 months, the oscillatory period diminished from ca. 25-12 s and respiration was potentially unstable since a small reduction in the damping factor would cause prolonged oscillation while, from 3-4 months, the more mature type of response which was stable with a rapid recovery supervened.4. The possible mechanisms responsible for this trend are discussed in terms of the factors thought to determine respiratory stability in the adult together with the possible relevance of the results to the normal process of respiratory adaptation at birth and to the respiratory difficulties encountered by some infants in the new-born period and early infancy.

show abstract

Ventilatory Response to Carbon Dioxide in Newborn Infants

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Neonatal maturation of the hypercapnic ventilatory response and central neural CO2 chemosensitivity

Neonatal maturation of the hypercapnic ventilatory response and central neural CO2 chemosensitivity

Effect of Intermittent Hypercapnia on Respiratory Control in Rat Pups

The development of stability of respiration in human infants: changes in ventilatory responses to spontaneous sighs.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About